Chapter 4, Problem 11CTQ

a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: A dotted line that connects each partial positive charge density to nearby partial negative charge density should be drawn.

Concept introduction: Electronegative elements have tendency to attract electrons towards it. Since electrons are shared more towards electronegative element, it acquires partial negative charge on it. As a result, other bonded atom forms a partial positive charge.

b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The reason for the higher boiling point of $\text{1-chloropropane}$ than that of butane should be determined.

Concept introduction: Dipole moment is the measure of bond polarity in a molecule. It is defined as product of charge and distance of separation between opposite charges. Polar molecules consist of dipole moments due to presence of charges in them, whereas non-polar molecules do not have dipole moments. Boiling is used to define when a substance gets converted from its liquid to vapor phase at the boiling point. The temperature at which the vapor pressure of liquid and atmospheric pressure becomes equal is called boiling point.