Many gas-phase reactions require some inert body, usually represented as
for the overall reaction
In the mechanism,
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Chapter 20 Solutions
Physical Chemistry
- Define stability from both a kinetic and thermodynamic perspective. Give examples to show the differences in these concepts.arrow_forwardThe following equation represents a reversible decomposition: CaCO3(s)CaO(s)+CO2(g) Under what conditions will decomposition in a closed container proceed to completion so that no CaCO3 remains?arrow_forwardSilicon forms a series of compounds analogous to the al-kanes and having the general formula SinH2n+2. The first of these compounds is silane, SiH4, which is used in the electronics industry to produce thin ultrapure silicon films. SiH4(g) is somewhat difficult to work with because it is py-ropboric at room temperature—meaning that it bursts into flame spontaneously when exposed to air. (a) Write an equation for the combustion of SiH4(g). (The reaction is analogous to hydrocarbon combustion, and SiO2 is a solid under standard conditions. Assume the water produced will be a gas.) (b) Use the data from Appendix E to calculate ? for this reaction. (c) Calculate G and show that the reaction is spontaneous at 25°C. (d) Compare G for this reaction to the combustion of methane. (See the previous problem.) Are the reactions in these two exercises enthalpy or entropy driven? Explain.arrow_forward
- The direct reaction of iron(III) oxide. Fe2O3, to give iron and oxygen gas is a nonspontaneous reaction; normally, iron combines with oxygen to give rust (the oxide). Yet we do change iron(III) oxide, as iron ore, into iron metal. How is this possible? Explain.arrow_forwardSubstances that poison a catalyst pose a major concern for many engineering designs, including those for catalytic converters. One design option is to add materials that react with potential poisons before they reach the catalyst. Among the commonly encountered catalyst poisons are silicon and phosphorus, which typically form phosphate or silicate ions in the oxidizing environment of an engine. Group 2 elements are added to the catalyst to react with these contaminants before they reach the working portion of the catalytic converter. If estimates show that a catalytic converter will be exposed to 625 g of silicon during its lifetime, what mass of beryllium would need to be included in the design?arrow_forwardThe reaction NO(g) + O,(g) — NO,(g) + 0(g) plays a role in the formation of nitrogen dioxide in automobile engines. Suppose that a series of experiments measured the rate of this reaction at 500 K and produced the following data; [NO] (mol L ’) [OJ (mol L 1) Rate = -A[NO]/Af (mol L_1 s-1) 0.002 0.005 8.0 X 10"'7 0.002 0.010 1.6 X 10-'6 0.006 0.005 2.4 X IO-'6 Derive a rate law for the reaction and determine the value of the rate constant.arrow_forward
- Which reaction mechanism assumptions are unimportant in describing simple ionic reactions between cations and anions? Why?arrow_forwardOld-fashioned smelling salts consist of ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3. The reaction for the decomposition of ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3(s)2NH3(g)+CO(g)+H2O(g) is endothermic. Would the smell of ammonia increase or decrease as the temperature is increased?arrow_forward
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