phosphofructokinase reaction ofFructose-2,6-bisphosphate is a regulator of both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis for theglycolysis and the fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase reaction of gluconeogenesis. In turn, the concentration offructose-2,6-bisphosphate is regulated by many hormones, second messengers, and enzymes.Classify each condition according to its effect on glycolysis and gluconeogenesisActivates glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesisActivates gluconeogenesis and inhibits glycolysisAnswer Bankactivation of PFK-2increased glucagon levelsincreased levels of cAMPincreased levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphateactivation of fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase-2)

Answered: phosphofructokinase reaction of…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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phosphofructokinase reaction of Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is a regulator of both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis for the glycolysis and the fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase reaction of gluconeogenesis. In turn, the concentration of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is regulated by many hormones, second messengers, and enzymes. Classify each condition according to its effect on glycolysis and gluconeogenesis Activates glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis activation of PFK-2 increased levels of cAMP Activates gluconeogenesis and inhibits glycolysis increased levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activation of fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase-2) increased glucagon levels
In fatty acid biosynthesis explain the following two parts -(a) What effect will an increase in oxaloacetate in mitochondria have on fatty acid biosynthesis?(b) How insulin and glucagon affect fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis reactions/pathways, name them.
In muscle cells upon heavy exertion, oxygen can be lacking and aerobic metabolism leads to conversion of [ Select ] ["pyruvate", "malate"] to [ Select ] ["lactate", "citrate"] . The importance of this reaction to continued glycolysis in muscle is evidenced by the effects on the exercise capacity of individuals with [ Select ] ["malate dehydrogenase", "lactate dehydrogenase"] deficiency. This reaction is vital to regenerate [ Select ] ["NAD+", "fructose-1,6 biphosphate"] , required for [ Select ] ["aldolase", "glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase"] , a critical enzyme in glycolysis. I'm confused if its pyruvate to lactate or lactate to pyruvate in artobic metabolism. Is it lactate to pyruvate? Since pyruvate is converted to lactate in anaerobic condition? Or not?
Please select appropriate word in each bracket Glycogen provides short term energy storage primarily in liver and muscle. Defects in the enzymes that are required for either glycogen synthesis or breakdown therefore affect levels of [ Select ] ["glucose", "glycogen"] in the bloodstream and the amount of glycogen in the liver. This is exemplified by defects in [ Select ] ["glucose-6-phosphatase", "glycogen synthase"] , which is a deficit in breakdown and delivery, whereas mutations compromising [ Select ] ["glycogen synthase", "glycogen debranching enzyme"] result in a defect in synthesis, but defects in either enzyme produce [ Select ] ["hypoglycemia", "hypothermia"].
Briefly explain the malate-aspartate shuttle. Distinguish between this shuttle with the glycerol -phosphate shuttle based upon their transport of reducing equivalents and their potential for ATP synthesis.
Discuss how the isozymic forms of acetyl CoA carboxylase regulate fatty acid metabolism. Explain the reciprocal regulation of fatty acid production and breakdown, as well as the numerous mechanisms that are used to accomplish this control.
The glycolytic pathway is regulated by a number of key enzymes. Describe the various substrates and hormones that act on these enzymatic steps and the type of regulation (e.g. allosteric etc.).
Discuss the regulation of fatty acid metabolism by the isozymic forms of acetyl CoA carboxylase. Explain the reciprocal control of fatty acid synthesis and degradation and the various means by which this control is achieved
Glucokinase acts as a glucose sensor in hepatocytes (livercells), a- and b-cells in the pancreas, enterocytes (intestinalwall cells), and the hypothalamus (a control center in thebrain of numerous physiological processes). Explain whyglucokinase can perform this role.
ATP Accounting Upon digestion of starch, maltose, one of its degradation products, is further hydrolyzed into its monosaccharide components prior to intestinal absorption and entry into the glycolysis. Calculate the number of ATP molecules produced from the digestion and complete oxidation of 3 molecules of maltose considering the malate-aspartate shuttle. Answer the following items using numerical value only (e.g. 1, not "1 ATP") which will help you arrive at the final answer for this question. a. Total number of glucose molecules entering glycolysis: b. Total number of pyruvate molecules produced at the end of glycolysis: c. Total number of mitochondrial NADH produced after pyruvate is acted upon by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: d. Total number of CO2 released right after the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex reaction: e. Total number of acetyl CoA molecules entering the citric acid cycle: f. Total number of net cytosolic ATP molecules produced right after glycolysis: g. Total…
Palmitoleic acid, 16:1Δ⁹ hexadecaenoic acid, (16 carbon FA with one double bond )is an important fatty acid component of TAGs and cell membranes. Briefly explain the process of beta oxidation of this fatty acid and the number (only) of FADH, NADH and acetyl CoA outcome. What is the total ATP (only number) generated from this fatty acid after beta oxidation.
Why does it make good metabolic sense for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, rather than pyruvate carboxylase, to be the primary target for the regulation of gluconeogenesis at the level of control of enzyme synthesis? Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. fructose-1,6-bisphosphate pyruvate 3-phosphoglycerate increasing reducing glycolytic pathway forward acetaldehyde lactate phosphoenolpyruvate oxaloacetate citric acid cycle back glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate Firstly, pyruvate carboxylase converts which can participate in the gluconeogenesis pathway, and also plays an additional metabolic role in aiding the entry of intermediates into the Hence, it makes sense for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) to catalyze the conversion of gluconeogenesis pathway , thereby pyruvate carboxylase. to to Thirdly, PEPCK action results in the formation of amino acids and their subsequent entry into the citric acid cycle. Reset Help to push the…

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