☐ proteasomes general transcription factors lactase ☐ activators ribosomes DNA polymerase ☐ mediators RNA polymerase ☐ operons 5. Which protein(s) from the list above bring(s) bound activators in contact with proteins bound to the promoter?
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Part 1 Bio Question 5
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- 1. Contents of the diagram below was discovered in the 1960s. Explain in detail what this diagram is demonstration and define each component? Where is the CAMP-CRP binding site? Where is the RNA polymerase binding site of the promoter? What is the position of the Transcription start site? Promoter I gene Z gene CAMP-CRP binding site RNA Polymerase binding site Operator MRNA DNA sequence -100-90 一B0 -70 -60 -50一40 -30 -20 -10 +1 +10 十20 小30 +40) MetN -Thr - Met1. Transcription: a)State the role of RNA polymerase in gene transcription.b. Explain why the DNA is not used directly for protein translation (i.e., why is mRNA used instead?).c. Explain what occurs when a gene’s promoter region is open for RNA polymerase binding.d. Explain what occurs when a gene’s promoter regions is blocked from binding RNA polymerase.e. Explain how two cells, such as liver cells and skin cells, can become specialized in structure and function despite containing the same genome.1. (a) Binding of transcription activator protein Gene is switched ON Gene is switched OFF Does NOT affect the gene expression (b) the RNA polymerase binds at the promoter region Gene is switched ON Gene is switched OFF Does NOT affect the gene expression
- 1.Describe the journey of a protein, from its synthesis to its final destination 2. Explain the different stages of transcription and the role of the elements involved with the right terminology (template vs. non-transcribed strand, promoter, stop sequence, TATA box, general and specific transcription factors, RNA polymerase II, etc.); 3. Explain what the maturation (modifications) of pre-messenger RNA consists of and its role1. The following image shows a mechanism in which gene expression activity is regulated by ligand. Arg RS-2 Teu Met RBS Ligand RBS hidden a. What is this kind of regulatory machnism called? b. Does it involve transcription or translation? c. What happens in the presence of the ligand? d. What happens in the absence of theligand? e. What do you think the genes that are regulated here - metabolic (breakdown) or anabolic (buildup) for the ligand? Explain3a. Select all the correct types of RNA that are both the product of transcription and are also translated in the cytoplasm. ☐ snRNAs ☐ pre-tRNAs ☐ rRNA ☐ tRNA ☐ miRNA ☐ mRNA 3b. The ribozyme found in the ribosome catalyzes ... (which of the following?) a. the synthesis of pre-mRNA as part of the transcription process. b. the formation of the peptide bond. c. the association between the large and small ribosomal subunits. d. a reaction that uses RNA as a substrate.
- 1. Describe which enzymes are required for lactose and tryptophan metabolism in bacteria when lactose and tryptophan, respectively, are (a) present and (b) absent. 2. Contrast positive versus negative regulation of gene expression. Describe the role of the repressor in an inducible system and in a repressible system.2. Assume you have identified a new operon in bacteria (which you call the suc operon) that encodes enzymes required for catabolism of the sugar sucrose. The structural genes that are required to breakdown sucrose are transcribed from a promoter (Psuc). One of these enzymes is encoded by the sucS gene. Expression of the operon is controlled by a regulator, called SucR, which binds to an operator (O). Using your knowledge of the lac operon, interpret the results of the following experiments (Table 1) to propose a model describing how the sucrose operon might be regulated. Cell genotype Production of SucS enzyme Without sucrose With sucrose R* O* P* s* R O* p* s* ++ R* O P* S* -- RO* p* s* / R* Oʻ p* 5 R° O* p* S ++ -- ++ ++ Table 1. Production of SucS enzyme in various strains. “-" in the cell genotype indicates a loss of function mutation, “+" indicates wild type function, two genotypes separated by a / indicate a merodiploid or partial diploid. R° is a mutant version of SucR that…Discuss Concepts In a mutant strain of E. coli, the CAP protein is unable to combine with its target region of the lac operon. How would you expect the mutation to affect transcription when cells of this strain are subjected to the following conditions? Lactose and glucose are both available. Lactose is available but glucose is not. Both lactose and glucose are unavailable.
- The a/a operon is an inducible operon that controls the production of the sugar arabinose. When arabinose is present in a bacterium it binds to the protein AraC, and the complex binds to the initiator site to promote transcription. In this scenario, AraC is a(n). activator inducer repressor operator3. miR164 is a gene that encodes for a miRNA that targets a transcription factor. Describe in detail how, mechanistically, expression of miR164 could lead to altering the function of the transcription factor1. In a couple of sentences, explain how eukaryotic activator proteins (that are usually gene-specific transcription factors) can enhance transcription even when bound to sequences hundreds or thousands of nucleotide pairs away from a gene’s promoter. 2. Describe three common characteristics of transcription factors. The characteristics may relate to structure, or mechanism of action (PLEASE ANSWER BOTH PLEASE)
