glycerateCH,OPOHI-OHC-H||OGlyceraldehyde3-phosphateCH₂OPOC=0CH₂OHDihydroxyacetonephosphate2-0,POH,C CH,OPOРОНHOHC (=0HO- CICIOHHHFructose 1,6-bisphosphateH.HIC OHHỌ—CHHICIOHHIC OHCH,OHGlucoseAnswer Bank Trace the pathway of [1-14C]pyruvate through gluconeogenesis. Use an asterisk to indicate the location of 14C in allintermediates and in the final gluconeogenesis product, glucose.CH₂-C=0Coo[1-1C]PyruvateCH,OPOH-C-OHC-OPO||1,3-Bisphospho-glycerate↑-coo-CH₂KC=0-CooOxaloacetateCH,OPOH-C-OHCOO3-PhosphoglycerateCH₂-OPOOPCOOPhosphoenolpyruvateCH,OHH-C-OPOCOO2-Phosphoglycerate

Gluconeogenesis takes place in liver or kidney and is the reciprocal of glycolysis with some enzymes…

Answered: Trace the pathway of [1-14C]pyruvate…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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[1,6-(C-14)-2,5-(C-13)]glucose Trace the course of through glycolysis and the TCA cycle. You need only to illustrate the structures of D-glucose, labeling the atoms, and of pyruvate, labeling the origin of the atoms in glucose and the distribution of the carbon isotopes in pyruvate. After one round of the TCA cycle where will the labeled carbons be found?
Why does it make good metabolic sense for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, rather than pyruvate carboxylase, to be the primary target for the regulation of gluconeogenesis at the level of control of enzyme synthesis? Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. fructose-1,6-bisphosphate pyruvate 3-phosphoglycerate increasing reducing glycolytic pathway forward acetaldehyde lactate phosphoenolpyruvate oxaloacetate citric acid cycle back glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate Firstly, pyruvate carboxylase converts which can participate in the gluconeogenesis pathway, and also plays an additional metabolic role in aiding the entry of intermediates into the Hence, it makes sense for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) to catalyze the conversion of gluconeogenesis pathway , thereby pyruvate carboxylase. to to Thirdly, PEPCK action results in the formation of amino acids and their subsequent entry into the citric acid cycle. Reset Help to push the…
The glucose/glucose-6-phosphate substrate cycle involves distinct reactions of glycolysis and gluconcogenesis that interconvert these two metabolites. Assume that under physiological conditions, [ATP] = [ADP] and [Pi] =1 mM. Consider the following glycolytic reaction catalyzed by hexokinase: ATP + glucose = AG' = -16.7 kJ/mol ADP + glucose-6-phosphate (a) Calculate the equilibrium constant (K) for this reaction at 298 K, and from that, calculate the maximum [glucose-6-phosphate]/[glucose] ratio that would exist under conditions where the reaction is still thermody- namically favorable. (b) The reverse of this interconversion in gluconeogenesis is catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphatase: glucose-6-phosphate + H,0 = glucose + P, AGr = -13.8 kJ/mol K= 262 for this reaction. Calculate the maximum ratio of [glucose]/ [glucose-6-phosphate] that would exist under conditions where the reaction is still thermodynamically favorable. (c) Under what cellular conditions would both directions in the…
Describe the gluconeogenesis. What are the substrates for gluconeogenesis? (yellow boxes) and write the names of the enzymes belong to the gluconeogenic pathway. Glucose 4 se-6-phosphate usphoglucose isomerase Fructose-6-phosphate Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate HAidolase Triose phosphate Dihydroxyacetone phosphate isomerase Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate P.. NAD CH,OH Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate CH,OPO,- NADH ADP Phosphoglycerate kinase ATP 3-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoglycerate || mutase 2-Phosphoglycerate 2 X Enolase Phosphoenolpyruvate GDP, CO, GIP Oxaloacetate ADP + P, 1 ATP, HCOS Pyruvate
Draw the products of the reaction of xylulose-5-phosphate and erythrose-4-phosphate catalyzed by transketolase in the pentose phosphate pathway. Provide the structure in the protonation state found in physiological conditions. H H H OH FO HO-H H-OH H OPO3²- Q transketolase Draw glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate H H- H H H O OH OH OPO3²- Draw fructose-6- phosphate Q I I
1.(a) ( ) Trace the course of [1,6-(C-14)-2,5-(C-13)]glucose that is first processed through glycolysis and proceeds into the TCA cycle. For the glycolysis part, use the diagram below to decide where glucose atoms end up in pyruvate. You need to illustrate only the structures of D-glucose, labeling the atoms, and of pyruvate, labeling the origin of the atoms in glucose and the distribution of the carbon isotopes in py- ruvate. After one round of the TCA cycle where will the labeled carbons be found? HO HO (b) (* CH₂OH Glucose HO + 2 NAD+ O + 2 NADH + 2 Pi 2 F0 + 2 ATP OH + 2 ADP 3 + 2 H₂O Pyruvate The formation of oxaloacetate in the TCA cycle is unfavorable with a AG'° = +29.7 kJ/mol. Write the reactions using structural formulas for the formation of oxaloacetate and for the subsequent reaction in the TCA cycle. What particular part of the subsequent reaction makes it very favorable and ensures that oxaloacetate is continually removed to make the next TCA intermediate?
1.(a) ( ) Trace the course of [1,6-(C-14)-2,5-(C-13)]glucose that is first processed through glycolysis and proceeds into the TCA cycle. For the glycolysis part, use the diagram below to decide where glucose atoms end up in pyruvate. You need to illustrate only the structures of D-glucose, labeling the atoms, and of pyruvate, labeling the origin of the atoms in glucose and the distribution of the carbon isotopes in py- ruvate. After one round of the TCA cycle where will the labeled carbons be found? HO HO- СНЬОН + 2 NAD+ от + 2 NADH + 2 P₁ 2 + 2 ATP HO OH 2 ADP CH3 + 2 H₂O Glucose Pyruvate
phosphofructokinase reaction of Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is a regulator of both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis for the glycolysis and the fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase reaction of gluconeogenesis. In turn, the concentration of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is regulated by many hormones, second messengers, and enzymes. Classify each condition according to its effect on glycolysis and gluconeogenesis Activates glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis activation of PFK-2 increased levels of cAMP Activates gluconeogenesis and inhibits glycolysis increased levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activation of fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase-2) increased glucagon levels
The glucose/glucose-6-phosphate substrate cycle involves distinct reactions of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis that interconvert these two metabolites. Assume that under physiological conditions, [ATP] = [ADP]; [P;] = 1 mM. Consider the glycolytic reaction catalyzed by hexokinase: ATP + glucose ADP + glucose-6-phosphate AG = - 16.7 kJ/mol (a) Calculate the equilibrium constant (K) for this reaction at 298°K, and from that, calculate the maximum [glucose-6-phosphate]/ Iglucose] ratio that would exist under conditions where the reaction is still thermodynamically favorable. (b) Reversal of this interconversion in gluconeogenesis is catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphatase: glucose-6-phosphate + H20 = glucose + P AG" = -13.8 kJ/mol
phosphofructokinase reaction of Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is a regulator of both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis for the glycolysis and the fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase reaction of gluconeogenesis. In turn, the concentration of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is regulated by many hormones, second messengers, and enzymes. Classify each condition according to its effect on glycolysis and gluconeogenesis Activates glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis Activates gluconeogenesis and inhibits glycolysis Answer Bank activation of PFK-2 increased glucagon levels increased levels of cAMP increased levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activation of fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase-2)
How does the hydrolysis of fructose-1,6- bisphosphate bring about the reversal of one of the physiologically irreversible steps of glycolysis?
In glycolysis, the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate is considered irreversible. Yet, in gluconeogenesis, this "irreverisble" reaction is bypassed and pyruvate is eventually converted to PEP. Explain how gluconeogenesis bypasses this irreverisble reaction. Include the enzymes required to convert pyruvate to PEP + the intermediate that is created. Imagine a scenario where the PDH complex has picked up an "activating" mutation causing it to convert pyruvate into acetyl CoA in an unregulated manner.There is way too much acetyl CoA than is actually necessary. Explain in a sentence or two how the body would compensate for this

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