5. What is the binuclear center of cytochrome oxidase? How does it function in the reduction of O₂?
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- 10. Consider the beta oxidation of stearic acid (C18:0): How many ATP are generated in complete oxidation of stearic acid? How many NADH are generated in complete oxidation of stearic acid? How many FADH2 are generated in complete oxidation of stearic acid?2. One manifestation of cytochrome oxidase deficiency in humans is severe muscle weakness. Briefly explain why. 3. Clostridium bacteria are killed in the presence of molecular oxygen. Would you expect Clostridium to produce catalase? Briefly explain.8. Structures of three coenzymes involved in Phase II conjugation reactions are shown below. For each coenzyme, circle the portion of the coenzyme that is transferred during metabolic reaction. NH, CH NH, COO CH, H2C OH CH НО O-UDP HC H H ОН он он UDP-Glucuronate S-Adenosylmethionine (S-AdoMet) SCo AcetylSCo
- 4. The diagram below illustrates time dependent O₂ uptake by isolated skeletal muscle mito- chondria under various conditions that affect the rate of respiration. The following abbreviations with arrows indicate when addition of various ingredients is made to the reaction chamber: The vertical, red lines have been added to help delineate time intervals corresponding to addition and metabolic con- version of ADP. Abbreviations: Med addition of 0.3 M sucrose; Pi: addition of 0.01 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4; Mw: addition of isolated, intact mitochondria; Pyr + Mal: addition of 0.01 M pyruvate + 0.01 M malate; ADP : addition of adenosine 5'-diphosphate; Oligo/mg: addition of oligomycin/mg protein; FCCP : addition of the uncoupler FCCP. Med Pyr+Mal P₁ 190μM ADP ↓ 20μM 02 T H 190μM ADP I Minute 475μM ADP 2μM FCCP 13μg Oligo/mg -[0₂] = 0 ATP [ATP] = 0 ApH = (pH matrix -pHout) ApH = 0 Start Finish (a) Why is there an increase in the rate of O2 uptake for the first two additions of ADP and why…5. Gout can be caused by superactivation of PRPP synthase, or partial deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase. Why the change in these enzyme activities can induce the development of this disorder? For the answer: a) write down the scheme of the reactions catalyzed by these enzymes;b) specify metabolic pathways these reactions take part in; c) answer the main question of the problem.Can you explain the name of cytochrome oxidase?
- What is the reduced product of complex IIII/cytochrome oxidase????Which of the following complexes is also called Cytochrome Oxidase? Complex I Complex II Complex III Complex IV17. Omeprazole is a bioprecursor prodrug that is activated by protonation to give active metabolite that inhibits H¨,K*-ATPase covalently. By using chemical equations show activation of Omeprazole and its reaction to inhibit the H*,K*-ATPase. CH3 H3CO. s=0 H3C HNN Omeprazole OCH3 18. The following compound is an open-chain prodrug of benzodiazepines which undergo N- dealkylation to triazolam. Using chemical equations show transformation of this prodrug to triazolam. H3C H3C CH3 CH3 triazolam open-chain prodrug of triazolam
- 1. A yeast variant was discovered that had a shorter glycolytic pathway. This "mutant" yeast made a novel enzyme that catalyzed the following reaction: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + H; + NAD* E→3-phosphoglycerate + NADH + H* (HINT: Examine ATP production from glucose in each case below.) A. Would you expect this novel yeast strain to grow well under anaerobic conditions using glucose as a carbon source? Explain. B. Would you expect this novel yeast strain to grow well under aerobic conditions using glucose as a carbon source? Explain.1. a) Describe the Q cycle in detail providing the names of electron acceptors and donors. b) How is ATP synthesized by the FOF1 Complex in the mitochondrial membrane?Do you think that catalase should be able to attach to other substrates besides H2O2? Why or why not?