Biology 2e
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781947172517
Author: Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher: OpenStax
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Chapter 7, Problem 3VCQ
(Figure 7.14) Tremetol, a metabolic poison found in the white snake root plant, prevents the
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After a meal that contains carbohydrates, blood glucose levels usually rise gradually as carbohydrates are digested and the resulting monosaccharides are absorbed into the bloodstream. Suppose you run a test on a human with no lactase production. You would provide a dose (e.g., 25 grams) of lactose and measure changes in blood glucose levels over the next three hours. Predict how blood glucose levels would change from fasting to three hours. Justify your response using the results from the above simulation.
If you find a patient who seems too fatigue very easily after exercise. You take a sample of their muscle tissue and run a genetics test. You find that they have a mutation in the gene that encodes for triose phosphate isomerase. Explain how this causes extreme fatigue after exercise.
One role of the pancreas is to help regulate blood glucose levels. Two types of cells in
the pancreas, beta and alpha, serve as sensors to detect changes in blood glucose
levels. High glucose levels cause beta cells to increase the amount of insulin given off by
the pancreas. The insulin triggers body cells to take in glucose and the liver to store
excess glucose as glycogen, decreasing the blood glucose level. On the other hand, low
glucose blood levels trigger alpha cells to signal for glycogen to free up stored glucose
from your liver, thus increasing the blood glucose level. (4 points)
1. What type of feedback mechanism is this, positive or negative? Explain your
answer based on the description of the mechanism.
Blood glucose levels change throughout the day. Explain what causes these
changes and describe how these feedback cycles work together to maintain a
dynamic homeostasis.
III. Predict what will happen to this feedback mechanism and then to a person's body
if the beta cells…
Chapter 7 Solutions
Biology 2e
Ch. 7 - Figure 7.11 Dinitrophenol (DNP) is an "uncoupler"...Ch. 7 - Figure 7.12 Cyanide inhibits cytochrome c oxidase,...Ch. 7 - (Figure 7.14) Tremetol, a metabolic poison found...Ch. 7 - The energy currency used by cells is ATP ADP AMP...Ch. 7 - A reducing chemical reaction. reduces the compound...Ch. 7 - During the second half of glycolysis, what occurs?...Ch. 7 - What is removed from pyruvate during its...Ch. 7 - What do the electrons added to NAD+ do? They...Ch. 7 - GTP or ATP is produced during the conversion of...Ch. 7 - How many NADU molecules are produced on each turn...
Ch. 7 - What compound receives elections from NADH? FMN...Ch. 7 - Chemiosmosis involves. the movement of electrons...Ch. 7 - Which of the following fermentation methods can...Ch. 7 - A major connection for sugars in glycolysis is...Ch. 7 - Beta-oxidation is. the breakdown of sugars the...Ch. 7 - The effect of high levels of ADP is to__inv __...Ch. 7 - The control of which enzyme exerts the most...Ch. 7 - Why is it beneficial for cells to use ATP rather...Ch. 7 - Nearly all organisms on Earth carry out some form...Ch. 7 - Because they lose their mitochondria during...Ch. 7 - What is the primary difference between a circular...Ch. 7 - How do the roles of ubiquinone and cytochrome c...Ch. 7 - What accounts for the different number of ATP...Ch. 7 - What is the primary difference between...Ch. 7 - Would you describe metabolic pathways as...Ch. 7 - How does citrate from the citric acid cycle affect...Ch. 7 - Why might negative feedback mechanisms be more...
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- The reason you breathe heavily while exercising is that your body is trying to take in oxygen to fuel aerobic respiration and generate enough ATP to replenish the ATP you use during exercise. If you are exercising vigorously, the need for ATP might be greater than the amount of oxygen you can inhale. In this situation, your body cells generate ATP through lactate fermentation. As you continue vigorous exercise, your muscles might begin to "burn," causing you to stop and rest. This burning sensation is the result of a chemical buildup in your muscle cells. Based on this information, which of the following chemicals likely causes pain in over-exercised muscles? A. Lactate B. NADH C. Ethanolarrow_forwardYou are a researcher seeking to determine if an experimental drug can effectively treat hyperglycemia, a condition characterized by excess glucose in the blood, often associated with Type I diabetes. You select 24 hyperglycemia patients to study, and you give half of them a pill containing the drug you are testing and the other half a placebo (a pill that lacks the drug ingredient). After an evening of fasting, you measure the amount of glucose in their blood the next morning. Write the null and alternative hypotheses appropriate for your study. Which treatment is your control group, and why does your experimental design require a control group? Describe the structure of a carbohydrate, and what are the functions of carbohydrates in the body? What test that we have used before in lab could you use to measure the amount of glucose in their blood? Describe how you would use this test to measure the amounts of glucose in their blood serum samples. Identify the dependent variable…arrow_forwardThe hormone insulin enhances the transport of glucose (sugar) from the blood into most body cells. Its secretion is controlled by a negative-feedback system between the concentration of glucose in the blood and the insulin-secreting cells. Therefore, which of the following statements is correct? A decrease in blood glucose concentration stimulates insulin secretion, which in turn further towers blood glucose concentration. An increase in blood glucose concentration stimulates insulin secretion, which in turn lowers blood glucose concentration. A decrease in blood glucose concentration stimulates insulin secretion, which in turn increases blood glucose concentration. An increase in blood glucose concentration stimulates insulin secretion, which in turn further increases blood glucose concentration. None of the preceding is correct.arrow_forward
- During anaerobic conditions, lactate travels from the muscle to the liver via the bloodstream. What is lactate converted into when it reaches the liver before it returns back to the muscle? Glucagon Citrate Acetyl CoA Glycogen Glucosearrow_forwardWhich of the following statements concerning gluconeogenesis is NOT true? a. Gluconeogenesis is to make glucose from glycogen. b. Many of the reactions of gluconeogenesis are glycolytic reactions going in reverse. c. The process of gluconeogenesis consumes ATP. d. The process of gluconeogenesis is regulated by ATP. e. Gluconeogenesis maintains the blood glucose level long after all dietary glucose has been absorbed and oxidized.arrow_forwardWasting is one of the characteristics of HIV / Aids, caused by increased metabolic activity. Untreated patients quickly lose up to 10% of their body weight, with loss of muscle mass contributing most. What happens to the amino group of amino acids that are broken down in the muscles? Fully explain the process of amino acid degradation in the muscle up to urea production in the liver.arrow_forward
- Which of the following statements about glucose metabolism is correct? A. Glucagon increases the rate of glycolysis B. Glycolysis requires NADP+ C. In glycolysis, glucose is cleaved into two three-carbon product D. The end-product of glycolysis in red blood cells is pyruvate E. Glycogen is synthesized in the liver in response to insulin and exported to other tissues for use as a metabolic fuelarrow_forward30) Your body needs a constant supply of oxygen for cellular respiration to produce the ATP needed to fuel your body processes. When you exert yourself in a strenuous workout the oxygen demands of your muscle cells quickly outpace the oxygen your body can provide. Skeletal muscle cells that have an insufficient oxygen supply to allow aerobic respiration to continue will undergo lactic acid fermentation. Refer to the model above. Predict what changes will occur when your body shifts from aerobic respiration to anaerobic respiration (lactic acid fermentation). Select ALL that apply. A) Cells produce less ATP. B) Cells use more glucose. C) Cells produce more ATP. D) Cells produce more carbon dioxide. E) Lactic acid is produced as a byproduct. NOT GRADEDarrow_forward30) Your body needs a constant supply of oxygen for cellular respiration to produce the ATP needed to fuel your body processes. When you exert yourself in a strenuous workout the oxygen demands of your muscle cells quickly outpace the oxygen your body can provide. Skeletal muscle cells that have an insufficient oxygen supply to allow aerobic respiration to continue will undergo lactic acid fermentation. Refer to the model above. Predict what changes will occur when your body shifts from aerobic respiration to anaerobic respiration (lactic acid fermentation). Select ALL that apply. A) Cells produce less ATP. B) Cells use more glucose. C) Cells produce more ATP. D) Cells produce more carbon dioxide. E) Lactic acid is produced as a byproduct.NOT GRADED answerarrow_forward
- Lactose is found in milk products. It is converted by the body into a usable form in a series of chemical reactions. The diagram shows the series of reactions that convert lactose into a usable form. Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3 Enzyme 4 galactose- 1-phosphate Lactose galactose glucose- 1-phosphate glucose- 6-phosphate If enzyme 2 is denatured (destroyed), the levels of which substance will increase?arrow_forwardToday, due to the pandemic most people stay at home and most of them gain weight. Many weight loss products and drinks are introduced in the market which contains Carnitine: A fat mover. Explain the mechanism of action ofcarnitine in losing weight?arrow_forwardAfter infection, some T cells (a particular type of immune cell) may persist as memory T cells (TMcells). When they re-encounter the same pathogen, TM cells rapidly divide to produce more T cells to help fight off the infection. This rapid cell division requires substantial energy. One way that this energy is provided to TMcells is via increased activity of the ETC. One standard type of experiment for analyzing oxidative metabolism is measuring the oxygen consumption rate OCR in the presence of different compounds. The lines indicate the time at which the different ETC/OxPhos inhibitors were added. Note that the inhibitors are never removed. Complete the table below. Time Period 1 2 3 4 Inhibitor added None Oligomycin (inhibits ATP Synthase) FCCP (Uncoupler) Rotenone + Antimycin (Complexes I and III) Can electrons flow? If so, from which compound to which compound? If not, what is preventing it? Can H+move through the membrane? If so,…arrow_forward
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