Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 38.3, Problem 1R
Summary Introduction
To review:
(a) The physiological and genetic effects of reduced rainfall on wheat yields in Pakistan.
(b) The physiological and genetic effects of rising sea levels on the rice fields in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam.
Introduction:
The growth and yield of important crops, like wheat and rice, are widely affected by the changing climatic conditions. Temperature extreme, reduced or increased rainfall, global warming, and rising sea levels have both physiological as well as genetic effects on the crop plants and therefore affect plant breeding practices.
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In general, larger plants have larger organs. So, one option for increased yields is to breed and grow for the largest size possible. However, there are practical reasons to growing smaller plants. What are some drawbacks to breeding and growing increasingly large plants? List and briefly explain two possible reasons.
You are studying a plant with tissue comprising both green and white sectors. You wish to decide whether this phenomenon is due (1) to a chloroplast mutation of the type considered in this chapter or (2) to a dominant nuclear mutation that inhibits chlorophyll production and is present only in certain tissue layers of the plant as a mosaic. Outline the experimental approach that you would use to resolve this problem.
From an agricultural point of view, discuss the advantages and disadvantagesof selective breeding. It is common for plant breeders to take two different, highly inbred strains, which are the product of many generations of selective breeding, and cross them to make hybrids. How does this approach overcome some of the disadvantages of selective breeding?
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- One of the effects of climate change on ecological communities is the disruptionof seasonal timing or phenology. A team of biologists is trying to determine the potential forrapid evolutionary responses of plants to changing seasonal conditions. They do alaboratory selection experiment on flowering time in an annual plant to test for the presence ofadditive genetic variance for this trait. They measure the time between germination andflowering for 400 plants under controlled laboratory conditions and then use 25% with theshortest flowering times to find a second generation in the lab (with pollination based onrandom number sampling). The mean flowering time for the overall parental population was 80days. The mean for the selected 25% of individuals was 60 days. In the offspring generation, themean flowering time was 70 days. 6a. What is the narrow-sense heritability for flowering time for these plants under laboratoryconditions? 6b. If you performed another round of selection on the…arrow_forwardWhat is mutation? Explain the significance of mutation in plant breeding. Give an example of a disease resistant variety of cultivated plant induced by mutation.arrow_forward(b) A plant breeder wants to use selective breeding to produce corn with short stalKS and a high mass of grain. He could use the following varieties of com: varlety A varlety B varlety C long stalks short stalks long stalks high mass of grain low mass of grain low mass of grain (i) What would the plant breeder need to do to make sure he always produced corn with short stalks and a high mass of grain? Describe the three steps the breeder would use. (ii) Suggest one other characteristic that famers might like corn plants to have to increase the amount of corn produced.arrow_forward
- Heterosis has played a key role in productivity enhancement in crop species. As a plant breeder, comment on the performance of hybrids versus OPVs in sunflower and brassica. Also suggest when OPVs are used and why?arrow_forwardWhen working on barley plants, two researchers independently identify a short-plant mutation and develop homozygous recessive lines of short plants. Careful measurements of the height of mutant short plants versus normal tall plants indicate that the two mutant lines have the same height. How would you determine if these two mutant lines carry mutation of the same gene or of different genes?arrow_forwardExamine the trait distribution of Specific Leaf Area (The ratio of leaf area to dry mass, SLA), below. The dotted normal distribution represents the natural pattern of SLA observed in nature. The histogram below the dotted curve represents the distribution of phenotypes when the plant is grown in a single common environment. The numbers above the bars represent the observed phenotype ratio. a a) How many polygenes encode for this trait? b) Assuming the minimum observed phenotype in a common garden was 8sqm/kg and the maximum observed phenotype was 20 sqm/kg, what is the contribution of each allele in this polygene?arrow_forward
- In a species of tree, seed color is determined by four independently assorting genes: A, B, C, and D. The recessive alleles of each of these genes (a, b, C, and d) produce abnormal enzymes that cannot catalyze a reaction in the biosynthetic pathway for seed pigment. This pathway is diagrammed as follows: A White precursor Yellow ----Orange----- Red --- Blue When both red and blue pigments are present, the seeds are purple. Trees with the genotypes Aa Bb Cc Dd and Aa Bb Cc dd were crossed. (a) What color are the seeds in these two parental genotypes? (b) What proportion of the offspring from the cross will have white seeds? (c) Determine the relative proportions of red, white, and blue offspring from the cross.arrow_forwardPlant breeders have long appreciated the phenomenon called hybrid vigor or heterosis, in which hybrids formed between two inbred strains have increased vigor and crop yield relative to the two parental strains. Starting in the 1930s, seed companies exploited the cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) phenomenon in corn that was described in Problem 17 so that they could cheaply produce hybrid corn seed to sell to farmers. This type of CMS is caused by mutant mitochondrial genomes that prevent pollen formation. a. How would CMS aid seed companies in producing hybrid corn seed? Dominant Rf alleles of a nuclear gene called Restorer suppress the CMS phenotype, so that Rf- containing plants with mutant mitochondrial genomes are male fertile.arrow_forwardA. Dr. Doebley and his team compared the DNA sequence of maize to that of a number of teosinte varieties from throughout Mexico. What did their analysis reveal? B. Teosinte looks like a terrible plant to begin to domesticate for agricultural purposes. What hypothesis is put forth to explain farmers’ early interest in the plant?arrow_forward
- Assuming you planted bean seeds that have been obtained from the same parent bean plant in three plots where growth conditions are the same except soil pH which varies as shown in the table attached which shows the effects of soil fertility on bean yields obtained from three plots where seeds from the same parent bean plant were obtained. a) is the trait, bean yield, qualitative (monogenic ) or quantitative (polygenic). Supoort tour answer with good reasoning.arrow_forwardWhat specific RIM is being described by each of the following statements?Explain your answer in each letter _______E) Offspring of hybrid cotton (genus Gossypium) plants either die during early development or grow into unhealthy plants.arrow_forwardWhat are the function of mutation in plant breeding?arrow_forward
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