Concept explainers
To describe:
The effect of iron deficiency in humans which is responsible for carrying oxygen in red blood cells.
Introduction:
Trace elements or minerals are those elements that are required by the body of an organism in small amount. These include iron, manganese, copper, molybdenum, zinc, boron, chlorine, nickel, iodine, selenium, chromium, silicon, vanadium, fluoride, lead cadmium, mercury, arsenic, aluminum. They are present in small amount but are important for the growth and development of body.
Some of these trace elements are used as a catalyst for enzymatic reactions. Trace elements are toxic if it is consumed in higher quantity. Trace elements are of two types essential and non essential. Essential trace elements are those which are required for the growth and development while non essential elements are those that are present in the body but are not required for growth and development.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 2 Solutions
Campbell Biology in Focus
- A molecule of hemoglobin ________. is shaped like a biconcave disk packed almost entirely with iron contains four glycoprotein units studded with oxygen consists of four globin proteins, each bound to a molecule of heme can carry up to 120 molecules of oxygenarrow_forwardWatch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/oxyblood) to see the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. Why is oxygenated blood bright red, whereas deoxygenated blood tends to be more of a purple color?arrow_forwardAt high altitudes, _______. a. nitrogen bubbles out of the blood b. hemoglobin has fewer oxygen-binding sites c. there are fewer O2 molecules per unit volume of air than at low altitudes d. there is more carbon monoxide than at sea levelarrow_forward
- A The following plots show an oxygen binding curve for hemoglobin under a certain set of conditions. For each plot, sketch (with reasonable accuracy) a second curve showing how the binding oxygen to hemoglobin would be altered by the change in conditions noted. 2. a. Increase in pCO2 b. Dissociation of native Hb into aß dimers 1 0.8 0.8 0.6 Y 0.4 0.6 Y 0.4 0.2 0.2 poz pO2arrow_forwardPart C - Exploring the cooperative binding of oxygen Oxygen shows cooperative binding to hemoglobin. Cooperative binding has the following effects on the binding and release of oxygen: Oxygen binding to hemoglobin: When one molecule of oxygen binds to one of hemoglobin's four subunits, the other subunits change shape slightly, increasing their affinity for oxygen. Oxygen release from hemoglobin: When four oxygen molecules are bound to hemoglobin's subunits and one subunit releases its oxygen, the other three subunits change shape again. This causes them to release their oxygen more readily. These two graphs show how cooperative binding differs from a hypothetical situation where binding is not cooperative. • The x-axis shows the partial pressure of oxygen (PO₂). This is a measure of the amount of oxygen present in a tissue. The blue arrows on the x-axis show the partial pressure of oxygen in various tissues of the body. • The y-axis shows the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (O₂…arrow_forwardO, saturation curve is shown beloww for hemoglobin at various pHs. Detail this Bohr effect from the molecular perspective. Be sure to include discussion of what causes this (i.e. specific amino acids), why the curves are right shifted with decreasing pH, and why this is logical in delivery of 02 to areas of higher demand. 100 Myoglobin 80- pH 7.6 60 pH 7.4 pll 7.2 40- pH 7.0 pH 6.8 20- Venous 0- 0. 20 10 60 80 Percent saturationarrow_forward
- Which of the following factors play a role in the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation, dissociation curve? temperature pH BPG all of the abovearrow_forwardC 8 S 8 7 of 50 6 B B 9 The diagram below depicts the proportion of oxygen bound (0) by haemoglobin at different partial pressures of oxygen (pO₂) in its high-affinity state, low-affinity state and what we actually observe due to the transition made from low- to high-affinity state. Indicate whether the statements below are true or false: 1 8 0 0 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 po₂ in tissues High-affinity state 4 Transition from low-to high- affinity state Low-affinity state 8 po₂ in lungs 12 16 Oarrow_forward1. The diagram on the right compares the O2 binding prop- 1.0 r erties of normal adult hemoglobin (HbA) to those of one dubbed Hb Great-Lakes characterized by the mutation Leu(B68)His. In the dia- gram Y= fraction of heme groups with bound O2, and pO2, the par- tial pressure of O2 above the solution, is measured in units of torr or mmHg. Hb Great Lakes 0.8 Hb A 0.6 Draw the corresponding Hill plot, being careful to reproduce graph- ically the dissociation equilibrium constant for O2 binding (Ko2) for Y each hemoglobin and to show the difference in the extent of allo- stery or cooperativity of subunit interaction in each type of hemo- globin. 0.4 You need draw only the central, linear portion of the Hill plot. 0.2 State what is the likely magnitude of the Hill constant (nH) for HbA from your reading and state what is the likely range of the magni- tude of the Hill coefficient for Hb Great Lakes. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 pO2 (torr)arrow_forward
- 2.HbF is the predominant hemoglobin of embrions.It has two γ-and two α-subunits(α2γ2).HbF does not bind 2,3-BPG well.What is the affinity of oxygen binding for HbF in compare with HbA?For answer: 1)Explain the function of HbA and the role of 2,3-BPG in the regulation of O2 binding. 2)Draw the oxygen-binding curves of HbA and HbF. 3)Mark the Biology significance of the difference in O2 affinity for HbA and HbF.arrow_forwardWHAT IF? A doctor might give bicarbonate (HCO3-) to apatient who is breathing very rapidly. What is the doctorassuming about the patient’s blood chemistry?arrow_forwardFlow Down Gradients Case Study During breathing, the respiratory muscles expand the lungs. This causes the pressure inside the lungs to drop, because pressure and volume are inversely related (an increase in volume decreases pressure, and vice versa). Amouheric pressure at sea evela 760mmig 1. How do you calculate the value of a pressure gradient? What is the value of the pressure gradient that is driving air flow in this system? Would air flow into or out of the lungs?arrow_forward
- Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap...BiologyISBN:9781305073951Author:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa StarrPublisher:Cengage LearningBiology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage LearningAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781938168130Author:Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Peter DeSaix, Dean H. Kruse, Brandon Poe, Eddie Johnson, Jody E. Johnson, Oksana Korol, J. Gordon Betts, Mark WomblePublisher:OpenStax College
- Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap...BiologyISBN:9781337408332Author:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa StarrPublisher:Cengage LearningHuman Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...BiologyISBN:9781285866932Author:Lauralee SherwoodPublisher:Cengage Learning