Enhanced Spatial Learning Ability in Mice Engineered to Carry an Autism Mutation Autism is a neurobiological disorder with symptoms that include impaired social interactions and repetitive, stereotyped patterns of behavior. Around 10 percent of autistic people also have an extraordinary skill or talent such as greatly enhanced memory. Mutations in the gene for neuroligin 3, an adhesion protein that connects brain cells, have been associated with autism. One of these mutations is called R451C because the altered gene encodes a protein with an amino acid substitution: a cysteine (C) instead of an arginine (R) in position 451. In 2007, Katsuhiko Tabuchi and his colleagues introduced the R451C mutation into the neuroligin 3 gene of mice. The researchers discovered that the genetically modified mice had impaired social behavior and superior spatial learning ability. Spatial learning in mice is tested with a water maze, which consists of a small platform submerged a bit below the surface or a pool of water so it is invisible to a swimming mouse. Mice do not particularly enjoy swimming, so they try to locate the hidden platform as quickly as they can. When tested again later, they remember the platform’s location by checking visual cues around the edge or the pool. How quickly they remember is a measure of their spatial learning ability. FIGURE 15.14 shows some or Tabuchi’s result. FIGURE 15.14 Spatial learning ability in mice . Mice with a mutation in neuroligin 3( R451C ) were tested for learning performance: as compared with unmodified (wild-type) mice. In the first test, how many days did it take unmodified mice to learn to find the location of a hidden platform in 10 seconds?

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 15, Problem 1DAA

Enhanced Spatial Learning Ability in Mice Engineered to Carry an Autism Mutation Autism is a neurobiological disorder with symptoms that include impaired social interactions and repetitive, stereotyped patterns of behavior. Around 10 percent of autistic people also have an extraordinary skill or talent such as greatly enhanced memory.

Mutations in the gene for neuroligin 3, an adhesion protein that connects brain cells, have been associated with autism. One of these mutations is called R451C because the altered gene encodes a protein with an amino acid substitution: a cysteine (C) instead of an arginine (R) in position 451.

In 2007, Katsuhiko Tabuchi and his colleagues introduced the R451C mutation into the neuroligin 3 gene of mice. The researchers discovered that the genetically modified mice had impaired social behavior and superior spatial learning ability.

Spatial learning in mice is tested with a water maze, which consists of a small platform submerged a bit below the surface or a pool of water so it is invisible to a swimming mouse. Mice do not particularly enjoy swimming, so they try to locate the hidden platform as quickly as they can. When tested again later, they remember the platform’s location by checking visual cues around the edge or the pool. How quickly they remember is a measure of their spatial learning ability. FIGURE 15.14 shows some or Tabuchi’s result.

Chapter 15, Problem 1DAA, Enhanced Spatial Learning Ability in Mice Engineered to Carry an Autism Mutation Autism is a

FIGURE 15.14 Spatial learning ability in mice. Mice with a mutation in neuroligin 3(R451C) were tested for learning performance: as compared with unmodified (wild-type) mice.

In the first test, how many days did it take unmodified mice to learn to find the location of a hidden platform in 10 seconds?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine: How many days wild mice took to learn to find the hidden platform in 10 seconds.

Introduction: Autism is a neurological disorder in which patients have impaired social interactions, repetitive, and stereotyped behaviors. The condition appears due to the mutation in the gene neuroligin-3 and an adhesion protein that connects the brain cells together. The mutation causes substitution of a cysteine (C) amino acid by arginine (R) in position 451.

Explanation of Solution

The experiment was performed to test the learning ability of autism mice. The mice were mutated for R451C in neuroligin-3 gene by Researcher K, and it was found that the mutated mice had impaired social behaviors as well as superior spatial learning abilities. The spatial learning ability of mice have experimented with a water maze in which a small platform was little bit submerged below the water surface so that it cannot be observable to the swimming mice.

Mice do not prefer to stay in the water. Therefore, as quickly as possible, they find the hidden platform by remembering the spatial visual cues. Their learning abilities were assigned as quickly as they remember the hidden platform in the water maze. Refer to Fig. 15.14 “Spatial learning ability in mice” in the question; the data shown are the number of days training required for the wild (unmodified) mice and mutated (modified mice) to reach the platform in 10 seconds. In the first test, unmodified mice took little over five days to find the location of a hidden platform in 10 seconds.

Conclusion

In the first test, unmodified mice took little over five days to find the location of a hidden platform in 10 seconds.

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Match each example of mutation to the correct effect on function. Hypomorphic mutation Hypermorphic mutation Antimorphic mutation Neomorphic A deletion results in the loss of part of a protein and the protein retains some of its normal activity. A mutant allele makes a protein with increased cataytic activity. A mutant form of a transcription factor binds new DNA sequences to activate different genes. A mutant from of a receptor protein interferes with the function of the wild-type receptor through heterodimerization.

Mutations within the genes for ARSs, are known to be cause certain human maladies, such as the neurodegenerative disorder Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease along with other central nervous system dysfunctions, and cancer. Interestingly, not all those who possess mutations within specific ARS genes do not display the disease phenotype. Provide at least one reason why a person might survive. Remember, do not just name a concept. Describe the concept and then explain WHY (on a molecular level) this explanation holds true.

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Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 15, Problem 1DAA

Enhanced Spatial Learning Ability in Mice Engineered to Carry an Autism Mutation Autism is a neurobiological disorder with symptoms that include impaired social interactions and repetitive, stereotyped patterns of behavior. Around 10 percent of autistic people also have an extraordinary skill or talent such as greatly enhanced memory.

Mutations in the gene for neuroligin 3, an adhesion protein that connects brain cells, have been associated with autism. One of these mutations is called R451C because the altered gene encodes a protein with an amino acid substitution: a cysteine (C) instead of an arginine (R) in position 451.

In 2007, Katsuhiko Tabuchi and his colleagues introduced the R451C mutation into the neuroligin 3 gene of mice. The researchers discovered that the genetically modified mice had impaired social behavior and superior spatial learning ability.

Spatial learning in mice is tested with a water maze, which consists of a small platform submerged a bit below the surface or a pool of water so it is invisible to a swimming mouse. Mice do not particularly enjoy swimming, so they try to locate the hidden platform as quickly as they can. When tested again later, they remember the platform’s location by checking visual cues around the edge or the pool. How quickly they remember is a measure of their spatial learning ability. FIGURE 15.14 shows some or Tabuchi’s result.

Chapter 15, Problem 1DAA, Enhanced Spatial Learning Ability in Mice Engineered to Carry an Autism Mutation Autism is a

FIGURE 15.14 Spatial learning ability in mice. Mice with a mutation in neuroligin 3(R451C) were tested for learning performance: as compared with unmodified (wild-type) mice.

In the first test, how many days did it take unmodified mice to learn to find the location of a hidden platform in 10 seconds?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine: How many days wild mice took to learn to find the hidden platform in 10 seconds.

Introduction: Autism is a neurological disorder in which patients have impaired social interactions, repetitive, and stereotyped behaviors. The condition appears due to the mutation in the gene neuroligin-3 and an adhesion protein that connects the brain cells together. The mutation causes substitution of a cysteine (C) amino acid by arginine (R) in position 451.

Explanation of Solution

The experiment was performed to test the learning ability of autism mice. The mice were mutated for R451C in neuroligin-3 gene by Researcher K, and it was found that the mutated mice had impaired social behaviors as well as superior spatial learning abilities. The spatial learning ability of mice have experimented with a water maze in which a small platform was little bit submerged below the water surface so that it cannot be observable to the swimming mice.

Mice do not prefer to stay in the water. Therefore, as quickly as possible, they find the hidden platform by remembering the spatial visual cues. Their learning abilities were assigned as quickly as they remember the hidden platform in the water maze. Refer to Fig. 15.14 “Spatial learning ability in mice” in the question; the data shown are the number of days training required for the wild (unmodified) mice and mutated (modified mice) to reach the platform in 10 seconds. In the first test, unmodified mice took little over five days to find the location of a hidden platform in 10 seconds.

Conclusion

In the first test, unmodified mice took little over five days to find the location of a hidden platform in 10 seconds.

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Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 15, Problem 1DAA

Enhanced Spatial Learning Ability in Mice Engineered to Carry an Autism Mutation Autism is a neurobiological disorder with symptoms that include impaired social interactions and repetitive, stereotyped patterns of behavior. Around 10 percent of autistic people also have an extraordinary skill or talent such as greatly enhanced memory.

Mutations in the gene for neuroligin 3, an adhesion protein that connects brain cells, have been associated with autism. One of these mutations is called R451C because the altered gene encodes a protein with an amino acid substitution: a cysteine (C) instead of an arginine (R) in position 451.

In 2007, Katsuhiko Tabuchi and his colleagues introduced the R451C mutation into the neuroligin 3 gene of mice. The researchers discovered that the genetically modified mice had impaired social behavior and superior spatial learning ability.

Spatial learning in mice is tested with a water maze, which consists of a small platform submerged a bit below the surface or a pool of water so it is invisible to a swimming mouse. Mice do not particularly enjoy swimming, so they try to locate the hidden platform as quickly as they can. When tested again later, they remember the platform’s location by checking visual cues around the edge or the pool. How quickly they remember is a measure of their spatial learning ability. FIGURE 15.14 shows some or Tabuchi’s result.

Chapter 15, Problem 1DAA, Enhanced Spatial Learning Ability in Mice Engineered to Carry an Autism Mutation Autism is a

FIGURE 15.14 Spatial learning ability in mice. Mice with a mutation in neuroligin 3(R451C) were tested for learning performance: as compared with unmodified (wild-type) mice.

In the first test, how many days did it take unmodified mice to learn to find the location of a hidden platform in 10 seconds?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine: How many days wild mice took to learn to find the hidden platform in 10 seconds.

Introduction: Autism is a neurological disorder in which patients have impaired social interactions, repetitive, and stereotyped behaviors. The condition appears due to the mutation in the gene neuroligin-3 and an adhesion protein that connects the brain cells together. The mutation causes substitution of a cysteine (C) amino acid by arginine (R) in position 451.

Explanation of Solution

The experiment was performed to test the learning ability of autism mice. The mice were mutated for R451C in neuroligin-3 gene by Researcher K, and it was found that the mutated mice had impaired social behaviors as well as superior spatial learning abilities. The spatial learning ability of mice have experimented with a water maze in which a small platform was little bit submerged below the water surface so that it cannot be observable to the swimming mice.

Mice do not prefer to stay in the water. Therefore, as quickly as possible, they find the hidden platform by remembering the spatial visual cues. Their learning abilities were assigned as quickly as they remember the hidden platform in the water maze. Refer to Fig. 15.14 “Spatial learning ability in mice” in the question; the data shown are the number of days training required for the wild (unmodified) mice and mutated (modified mice) to reach the platform in 10 seconds. In the first test, unmodified mice took little over five days to find the location of a hidden platform in 10 seconds.

Conclusion

In the first test, unmodified mice took little over five days to find the location of a hidden platform in 10 seconds.

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Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 15, Problem 1DAA

Enhanced Spatial Learning Ability in Mice Engineered to Carry an Autism Mutation Autism is a neurobiological disorder with symptoms that include impaired social interactions and repetitive, stereotyped patterns of behavior. Around 10 percent of autistic people also have an extraordinary skill or talent such as greatly enhanced memory.

Mutations in the gene for neuroligin 3, an adhesion protein that connects brain cells, have been associated with autism. One of these mutations is called R451C because the altered gene encodes a protein with an amino acid substitution: a cysteine (C) instead of an arginine (R) in position 451.

In 2007, Katsuhiko Tabuchi and his colleagues introduced the R451C mutation into the neuroligin 3 gene of mice. The researchers discovered that the genetically modified mice had impaired social behavior and superior spatial learning ability.

Spatial learning in mice is tested with a water maze, which consists of a small platform submerged a bit below the surface or a pool of water so it is invisible to a swimming mouse. Mice do not particularly enjoy swimming, so they try to locate the hidden platform as quickly as they can. When tested again later, they remember the platform’s location by checking visual cues around the edge or the pool. How quickly they remember is a measure of their spatial learning ability. FIGURE 15.14 shows some or Tabuchi’s result.

Chapter 15, Problem 1DAA, Enhanced Spatial Learning Ability in Mice Engineered to Carry an Autism Mutation Autism is a

FIGURE 15.14 Spatial learning ability in mice. Mice with a mutation in neuroligin 3(R451C) were tested for learning performance: as compared with unmodified (wild-type) mice.

In the first test, how many days did it take unmodified mice to learn to find the location of a hidden platform in 10 seconds?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine: How many days wild mice took to learn to find the hidden platform in 10 seconds.

Introduction: Autism is a neurological disorder in which patients have impaired social interactions, repetitive, and stereotyped behaviors. The condition appears due to the mutation in the gene neuroligin-3 and an adhesion protein that connects the brain cells together. The mutation causes substitution of a cysteine (C) amino acid by arginine (R) in position 451.

Explanation of Solution

The experiment was performed to test the learning ability of autism mice. The mice were mutated for R451C in neuroligin-3 gene by Researcher K, and it was found that the mutated mice had impaired social behaviors as well as superior spatial learning abilities. The spatial learning ability of mice have experimented with a water maze in which a small platform was little bit submerged below the water surface so that it cannot be observable to the swimming mice.

Mice do not prefer to stay in the water. Therefore, as quickly as possible, they find the hidden platform by remembering the spatial visual cues. Their learning abilities were assigned as quickly as they remember the hidden platform in the water maze. Refer to Fig. 15.14 “Spatial learning ability in mice” in the question; the data shown are the number of days training required for the wild (unmodified) mice and mutated (modified mice) to reach the platform in 10 seconds. In the first test, unmodified mice took little over five days to find the location of a hidden platform in 10 seconds.

Conclusion

In the first test, unmodified mice took little over five days to find the location of a hidden platform in 10 seconds.

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Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine: How many days wild mice took to learn to find the hidden platform in 10 seconds.

Introduction: Autism is a neurological disorder in which patients have impaired social interactions, repetitive, and stereotyped behaviors. The condition appears due to the mutation in the gene neuroligin-3 and an adhesion protein that connects the brain cells together. The mutation causes substitution of a cysteine (C) amino acid by arginine (R) in position 451.

Explanation of Solution

The experiment was performed to test the learning ability of autism mice. The mice were mutated for R451C in neuroligin-3 gene by Researcher K, and it was found that the mutated mice had impaired social behaviors as well as superior spatial learning abilities. The spatial learning ability of mice have experimented with a water maze in which a small platform was little bit submerged below the water surface so that it cannot be observable to the swimming mice.

Mice do not prefer to stay in the water. Therefore, as quickly as possible, they find the hidden platform by remembering the spatial visual cues. Their learning abilities were assigned as quickly as they remember the hidden platform in the water maze. Refer to Fig. 15.14 “Spatial learning ability in mice” in the question; the data shown are the number of days training required for the wild (unmodified) mice and mutated (modified mice) to reach the platform in 10 seconds. In the first test, unmodified mice took little over five days to find the location of a hidden platform in 10 seconds.

Conclusion

In the first test, unmodified mice took little over five days to find the location of a hidden platform in 10 seconds.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine: How many days wild mice took to learn to find the hidden platform in 10 seconds.

Introduction: Autism is a neurological disorder in which patients have impaired social interactions, repetitive, and stereotyped behaviors. The condition appears due to the mutation in the gene neuroligin-3 and an adhesion protein that connects the brain cells together. The mutation causes substitution of a cysteine (C) amino acid by arginine (R) in position 451.

Explanation of Solution

The experiment was performed to test the learning ability of autism mice. The mice were mutated for R451C in neuroligin-3 gene by Researcher K, and it was found that the mutated mice had impaired social behaviors as well as superior spatial learning abilities. The spatial learning ability of mice have experimented with a water maze in which a small platform was little bit submerged below the water surface so that it cannot be observable to the swimming mice.

Mice do not prefer to stay in the water. Therefore, as quickly as possible, they find the hidden platform by remembering the spatial visual cues. Their learning abilities were assigned as quickly as they remember the hidden platform in the water maze. Refer to Fig. 15.14 “Spatial learning ability in mice” in the question; the data shown are the number of days training required for the wild (unmodified) mice and mutated (modified mice) to reach the platform in 10 seconds. In the first test, unmodified mice took little over five days to find the location of a hidden platform in 10 seconds.

Conclusion

In the first test, unmodified mice took little over five days to find the location of a hidden platform in 10 seconds.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Summary Introduction

To determine: How many days wild mice took to learn to find the hidden platform in 10 seconds.

Introduction: Autism is a neurological disorder in which patients have impaired social interactions, repetitive, and stereotyped behaviors. The condition appears due to the mutation in the gene neuroligin-3 and an adhesion protein that connects the brain cells together. The mutation causes substitution of a cysteine (C) amino acid by arginine (R) in position 451.

Answer 12

Explanation of Solution

The experiment was performed to test the learning ability of autism mice. The mice were mutated for R451C in neuroligin-3 gene by Researcher K, and it was found that the mutated mice had impaired social behaviors as well as superior spatial learning abilities. The spatial learning ability of mice have experimented with a water maze in which a small platform was little bit submerged below the water surface so that it cannot be observable to the swimming mice.

Mice do not prefer to stay in the water. Therefore, as quickly as possible, they find the hidden platform by remembering the spatial visual cues. Their learning abilities were assigned as quickly as they remember the hidden platform in the water maze. Refer to Fig. 15.14 “Spatial learning ability in mice” in the question; the data shown are the number of days training required for the wild (unmodified) mice and mutated (modified mice) to reach the platform in 10 seconds. In the first test, unmodified mice took little over five days to find the location of a hidden platform in 10 seconds.