You have a patient slated to undergo somatic cell gene therapy to alleviate a cystic fibrosis disease state. Cystic fibrosis is the result of homozygous recessive mutations in the CFTR gene. The patient is very concerned about the potential side effects of new DNA insertions causing cancer. Which treatment(s) would you recommend that would avoid this issue?
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- The family of a sixth-grade boy in Palo Alto, California, wasinformed by school administrators that he would have to transferout of his middle school because they believed his mutation ofthe CFTR gene, which does not produce any symptoms associatedwith cystic fibrosis, posed a risk to other students at the schoolwho have cystic fibrosis. After missing 11 days of school, a settlementwas reached to have the boy return to school. What ethicalproblems might you associate with this example?A patient comes into your clinic exhibiting generic cancer symptoms. In order to help form a diagnosis, you ask about patient history and they tell you that they worked for years in an agricultural job, primarily in handling food for large bovine animals and then later working with insect pesticide treatment of grain fields. You decide to test for elevated levels of the environmental agent(s) in their body and focus your cancer diagnosis on based on the established associations of epigentic effects and cancer. O nickel and cadmium; stomach and skin cancer O benzene; breast, prostate and thyroid cancer O polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzene; lung, breast, stomach and skin cancer O arsenic and endocrine disruptors; skin, bladder, liver and kidney cancerSometimes, changes or “mutations” occur that prevent genes from doing their job properly. Certain mutations in the BRCA genes make cells more likely to divide and change rapidly, which can lead to cancer. What are BRCA genes? What job do these genes normally do in the human body? Citation required.
- You are evaluating a patient with Nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and his biopsy pathology report reveals a defect in some TSGs involved in DNA mismatch repair, which of these genes is least likely to be implicated in this patients cancer? Group of answer choices SMAD4 MSH2 MLH1 PMS1. The website CBioPortal (http://www.cbioportal.org)is an exceptionally useful program for visualizing thecancer genes and genomes of tumors from thousandsof patients with different kinds of cancer that havebeen analyzed by whole genome sequencing and insome cases, by RNA-Seq.Go the the CBioPortal site and click All underSelect Cancer Study and in Enter Gene Set typePTEN, then hit Submit. On the page that is returnedyou will see how the coding region of the PTEN geneis altered in tumors investigated in the various studies.Hitting the tab Mutations will let you see the detailsof these mutations relative to the PTEN protein, whilethe tab Expression lets you see how the gene’s expression (in terms of cDNA reads) is altered in individual tumor samples.a. Is PTEN an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene?What kinds of evidence lead you to this conclusion?b. What kinds of cancer are most likely to involvealterations of PTEN?c. How would you identify patients whose tumorcells are particularly…* Google Translate x + re.com/courses/49703/quizzes/244266/take/questions/5315835 Understanding BAC-23 better might be the difference in curing cancer and saving millions of lives! You must sequence its genome and find the genetic code that makes the cancer curing protein. After running several tests, you have found the correct gene segment to be: GGG UCG ACA CUC UUU. Remember that bacteria are weird and their genes are made from a single strand with ribose sugar backbones! 1. Give the correct DNA template for this bacterial gene segment (GGG UCG ACA CUC UUU). ***Please use the following format or it will be marked incorrect*** Example: ABC DEF GHI JKL MNO, all caps, organized in threes with a space in between. Please make my life easier 2. Using the genetic code provided (GGG UCG ACA CUC UUU), translate this gene segment. ***Please use the following format or it will be marked incorrect*** Example: ABC DEF GHI JKL MNO, all caps, organized in threes with a space in between. Please make…
- Although it is well known that X-rays cause mutations, they are routinely used to diagnose medical problems, including potential tumors, broken bones, and dental cavities. Why is this done? What precautions need to be taken?Two genes associated with breast cancer, BRCA1 and BRCA2, were discovered in 1994 and 1995, respectively, and shortly thereafter, were patented by Myriad Genetics, a company based in Utah. Under the patents, testing for mutations in these genes could only be performed by Myriad, at costs from 300 to 3,000. Myriad also patented the process of analyzing the results of such tests, preventing anyone who obtains the sequence of their BRCA genes by other means (which itself would probably be patent infringement) from interpreting the information. The idea that genes can be patented has been a contentious issue from the beginning. Patents are not granted for products of nature, meaning that genes inside the body are not patentable, but biotech companies successfully argued that by removing a gene from the human body, purifying it, and then obtaining its DNA sequence, they created something not found in nature, and which is therefore a patentable invention. The U.S. Patent Office found the argument persuasive, but opponents argue that genes are parts of our bodies and can be identified but not invented. Biotech companies argue that without the protection offered by patents, they would have no incentive for research and development of diagnostic tests. In Europe, patents for BRCA1 and BRCA2 were revoked in 2004 because they did not meet the standards for a patent. After more than a decade of legal disputes, the patents were partially restored in 2008 on a very restricted basis. In the United States, a lawsuit, focused on the patents for the BRCA genes, was filed in May 2009. The suit challenges the basic idea that genes are patentable. In November 2009, the judge ruled that the lawsuit can proceed, and the case is moving forward. In March 2010, a federal court invalidated Myriad Genetics patent on these genes. In August 2011, the U.S. Court of Appeals reversed the lower courts decision and ruled that gene sequences isolated from cells are not a product of nature and are therefore patentable. The case went to the U.S. Supreme Court, which ordered the appeals court to reconsider the case. The Federal Appeals Court did not change its decision, and the case once again, went to the U.S. Supreme Court. A unanimous decision in June 2013 invalidated Myriads patents on the basis that isolating a gene from nature does not make it patentable. This is a landmark decision on gene patenting with widespread ramifications for the biotechnoloogy industry. Will this decision reduce the incentives for companies to invest in new diagnostic tests that would be used by cancer victims or those with serious genetic disorders?There are three general categories of effects resulting from exposure to low doses of radiation. Theseare: 1. Genetic - The effect is suffered by the offspring of the individual exposed. 2. Somatic - The effect is primarily suffered by the individual exposed. Since cancer is theprimary result, it is sometimes called the Carcinogenic Effect. 3. In-utero - Some mistakenly consider this to be a genetic consequence of radiation exposure,because the effect, suffered by a developing embryo/fetus, is seen after birth.However, this is actually a special case of the somatic effect, since the embryo/fetusis the one exposed to the radiation. State the medical case occured from Chernobyl, Three Mile Island, Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accidents and explain briefly the three above categories in each accidents including the diagnosis and treament (if applicable).
- Why is it important to model cancer through the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells ? Explain in detail the main findings. Please sort as a list.One hallmark of cancer cells is their ability to divideindefinitely, in contrast with most normal somaticcells that undergo senescence after 30 to 50 generations of divisions. We saw in this chapter that one reason for this difference is that many cancer cellsexpress the telomerase enzyme that can mediate telomere lengthening.Interestingly, about 15% of tumors do not expresstelomerase. Instead, they lengthen their telomeres byan alternative pathway. Tumor cells of this class appear to have telomeres that are highly heterogenous inlength; some telomeres have many more TTAGGGrepeats than others.a. Diagram an event involving homologous recombination that would allow some telomeres in thesecells to become longer. What feature(s) of telomeresmake(s) such homologous recombination possible?b. Does this recombination need to occur between homologous telomeres (that is, telomeres of the samearm of the same chromosome)? If such recombination could occur between nonhomologous telomeres, how might…A. Somatic cells are aslo called B. In irder to clone a gene, a gene is inserted into a: