In active muscle cells, the pO₂ is about 10 torr at the cell surface and 1 torr at the mitochondria (the organelles where oxidative metabolism occurs). Calculate the percentage of bound oxygen transported to the mitochondria of muscle cells by myoglobin (K₁ = 2 torr). A new oxygen transport protein that exhibits cooperative binding has been isolated and is being studied in the lab. Calculate the K₂ value if Y = 0.76 when pO₂ = 18 torr (assume n = 2.5). How does this compare to the K, value for hemoglobin? Does this protein bind more or less tightly to oxygen compared to hemoglobin?
Q: 8. Match the following images to the correct group of organic. Type the letter in the table box next…
A: Human body consists of elements that are already part of the earth. Major elements of earth are…
Q: C Phosphoglycerate enolase coo H-C-O-P-0 CH₂OH 2-Phosphoglycerate This is a (an) d Tyrosine…
A: Enzyme nomenclature is a system for naming enzymes that was developed by the International Union of…
Q: Gluconeogenesis requires how many NTPs (nucleotide triphosphates, i.e. ATP, GTP)? Group of answer…
A: Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic process that involves the synthesis of glucose from molecules that…
Q: A geneticist is interested in determining the locations of methylated cytosines within a fragment of…
A: Sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) is a potent deamination agent. It removes an amino group (-NH2) from…
Q: strate about the Map and sequence the genomes of several model organisms used in experimental…
A: In genetics, molecular biology, and in various research genome mapping is important. It is basically…
Q: Which of the following fatty acids is most likely to be a solid at room temperature? OA) B) C) D) OH…
A: Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with a hydrocarbon chain ranging from 4 carbon to 36 carbons. The…
Q: A protein contains 342 amino acid residues. Assuming that the whole protein is in alpha- helical…
A: Alpha-helix is one of the most prominent secondary structures in proteins. In an alpha-helix, length…
Q: 9. In the a-helix A. there are no hydrogen bonds B. the peptide chain is fully extended C. the…
A: The four levels of protein structure organization are primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary…
Q: Based on this information and patient history you have concerns of alcohol use disorder and…
A: In order to understand how alcohol consumption along with irregular intake of food leads to alcohol…
Q: What are the properties of protein?
A: Proteins are large, complex molecules composed of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. They…
Q: State the steps of ketone body formation, starting with two acetyl CoA. Please make sure to state…
A: Acetyl-CoA formed during oxidation of fatty acids in the liver, either enter the citric acid cycle…
Q: Shown below is the response of a regulatory motif to a signal S. What does the response show…
A: The signal is provided here in a step-wise manner. Look at the green part of the graph. The signal…
Q: Draw the Biosynthesis of fatty acids from Acetyl CoA pathway, then identify and label the different…
A: The biosynthesis of fatty acids from the acetyl-CoA occurs in the cytosol.It involves the addition…
Q: 38. What is true about the rotation of about bonds in a protein backbone? A. The rotation is free…
A: The four types of biological macromolecules are proteins,…
Q: 22. When yeast produce ethanol from glucose, the reaction of acetaldehyde to form ethanol directly—…
A: Fermentation of ethanol is a metabolic process that occurs in the absence of oxygen, where…
Q: The lipid shown in the image is a phospholipid The lipid shown in the image is a made up of three…
A: Lipids are a very important class of biological molecule. Lipids can be classified into 2…
Q: Which of the following is true regarding the oxidation of 1 molecule of palmitate to 8 molecules of…
A: The correct answer is: None of the above. The beta-oxidation pathway is the process by which fatty…
Q: What are the possivble oxidation product of catalase using H2O2 as the substrate? Explain in 1-3…
A: Catalase is an enzyme found in living organisms, including humans, that plays a crucial role in…
Q: When fatty acyl-CoA enters the mitochondrial matrix, it undergoes a catabolic pathway called…
A: Beta oxidation is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the cytosol…
Q: What is the energy yield in ATP molecules associated with pyruvate ? acetyl-CoA + CO2
A: The process by which pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA and carbon dioxide (CO2) is known as…
Q: Give other sources of starch and glycogen that you can use as raw materials to isolate starch and…
A: Starch : It is a complex carbohydrate or polysaccharide composed of glucose molecules. It is the…
Q: 15.14) The metabolic strategy of oxidative phosphorylation is to convert the chemical potential…
A: Oxidative phosphorylation is a metabolic process that takes place in the mitochondria, specifically…
Q: How many total ATP are REQUIRED to make 2 molecules of glucose in the liver via GNG starting with 4…
A: Gluconeogenesis (abbreviated as GNG) is the metabolic pathway that synthesizes glucose molecules…
Q: Describe the tertiary (3º) structure of proteins and the different types of intermolecular forces…
A: As per the central dogma of molecular biology, DNA contains the information needed to synthesize…
Q: 18. Which of the following is true? A. When acid is added to pure water, kw, the ion-product…
A: Pure water i.e. H2O is a weak electrolyte. It does not dissociates completely into its ions i.e. H+…
Q: Researchers are manipulating the gene cxx2 for their experiments, and they have inserted a small…
A: As per the central dogma of biology, the flow of genetic information is from DNA -> RNA ->…
Q: hydrogenation be optimized to achieve high selectivity and conversion
A: Hydrogenation: Hydrogenation is a chemical process that involves the addition of hydrogen (H2) to…
Q: Exercise 2 - Enzymes Based on the graph below, explain what the optimum pH for the action of both…
A: Enzymes are high molecular-weight protein molecules that catalyse biochemical reactions. The…
Q: 1. Which is false about metabolic regulation? A: reactions with a large negative delta G are likely…
A: Metabolic regulation is the control and coordination of metabolic pathways and processes within an…
Q: the class of enzymes to which it belongs to, ii) name the kind of bond that is modified due to its…
A: Enzymes are proteins that catalyse biochemical reactions. Enzymes show high substrate specificity…
Q: how do low levels of NADH regulate the CAC?
A: CAC, also known as the Krebs cycle act as a central metabolic pathway which generates energy in the…
Q: What protecting groups in solid-phase peptide synthesis NOT do? a)Activate the carboxlic acid to…
A: Protecting groups are transient changes of functional groups on the amino acids utilized to…
Q: Following is a structural formula for the amino acid cysteine: 11 HS-CH₂-CH-C-OH NH₂ Name the three…
A: Cysteine is an amino acid that has a distinct sulfur side chain. It is significant in the purview of…
Q: Figure legend: Acetaldehyde levels are much higher in red populations, compared to blue populations.…
A: Alcohol metabolism primarily takes place in liver with the help of two main enzymes, alcohol…
Q: 14. What are the functions of nucleic acids? Please explain
A: Nucleic acids store, transmit, and express genetic information. They're essential to life. Nucleic…
Q: The researchers did not study the effects of NADH, ADP and ATP on the enzyme. Given what you know of…
A: Enzyme are proteins molecules that catalyse the biochemical reactions. They are very crucial for…
Q: Select the correct statement. Upon digestion, fatty O amino acids O acetone O acetyl COA O…
A: The four types of biological macromolecules are proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids.…
Q: How many acetyl CoA are produced from the complete B oxidation of lauric acid, CH3- (CH₂) 10-COOH, a…
A: β-oxidation is a metabolic process in which fatty acids are broken down into acetyl-CoA molecules…
Q: Question 6 Which amino acids both have an R group (side chain) with an -OH functional group? Leu and…
A: Amino acids are the main units of protein. Each amino acid has a central carbon atom called Cα. To…
Q: In less than 100 words total i) describe the physiological reaction of the red population to…
A: Alcohol metabolism primarily takes place in liver with the help of two main enzymes, alcohol…
Q: Which of the following is not a characteristic of a primary standard material a. High molecular…
A: Standards are certain materials whose concentration is known to us from before. These standards are…
Q: What protecting groups in solid-phase peptide synthesis NOT do? a)Activate the carboxlic acid to…
A: Protecting groups are transient changes of functional groups on the amino acids utilized to…
Q: "Anaerobic glycolysis" (the conversion of glucose all the way to two lactate molecules) results in…
A: “Anaerobic glycolysis” ( the conversion of glucose all the way to two lactate molecules ) results in…
Q: 10.94 Solution X has a pH of 9.0, and solution Y has a pH of 7.0. (10.6) a. Which solution is more…
A: pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm of…
Q: 20. Under a normal metabolic rate which of the following compounds is the most energy rich?…
A: The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the amount of energy needed while resting in a temperate…
Q: Protein synthesis always starts with an initiation codon. Codons are on tRNA while anticodons are on…
A: Codons are sequence of three consecutive nucleotides on RNA molecule that codes for a specific amino…
Q: A segment of the wild type of DNA sequence coding for the site of N501 mutation is shown below.…
A: To determine the reading frame, we need to identify the start codon (AUG) in the given DNA sequence.…
Q: glucose determination explain how it happens
A: Glucose determination is an analytical assay used to measure the concentration of glucose in a…
Q: The response the AI gave me contains several errors. These errors include incorrect facts and…
A: Polyglutamic acid is a polymer of glutamic acid units. There are two types of polyglutamic acid:…
Q: Provide the precise chemical description (anomer, isomer, and ring form) of the mono-saccharide…
A: Chemically, carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. They can be classified as…
Step by step
Solved in 4 steps with 35 images
- In active muscle cells, the pO2 is about 10 torr at the cell surface and 1 torr at the mitochondria(the organelles where oxidative metabolism occurs). Calculate the percentage of bound oxygentransported to the mitochondria of muscle cells by myoglobin (KD = 2 torr).Heart and muscle cells, where myoglobin resides, maintains an intracellular pO2 of about 2.5 torr. Calculate the fractional saturation (for human myoglobin) if a small change (1 torr) in oxygen partial pressure occurs in either direction (ie what happens at 1.5 torr, what happens at 3.5 torr?) and explain how a small change in oxygen pressure dramatically changes the myoglobin oxygen binding.Calculate the percent oxygen saturation of myoglobin if 7 of 15 binding sites are occupied..
- Intracellular concentrations in resting muscle are as follows: fructose- 6-phosphate, 1.0 mM; fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, 10 mM; AMP, 0.1 mM; ADP, 0.5 mM; ATP, 5 mM; and P, 10 mM. Is the phosphofructokinase reac- tion in muscle more or less exergonic than under standard conditions? By how much?Assume that the complete combustion of one mole of glucose to carbon dioxide and water liberates 2870 kJ/mol (AGo' = -2870 kJ/mol). If one contraction cycle in muscle requires 67 kJ, and the energy from the combustion of glucose is converted with an efficiency of 35% to contraction, how many contraction cycles could theoretically be fueled by the complete combustion of one mole of glucose? Round your answer to the nearest whole number. суycles per mole glucoseA new oxygen transport protein that exhibits cooperative binding has been isolated and is beingstudied in the lab. Calculate the KD value if Y = 0.76 when pO2 = 18 torr (assume n = 2.5). Howdoes this compare to the KD value for hemoglobin? Does this protein bind more or less tightly tooxygen compared to hemoglobin?
- Intracellular concentrations in resting muscle are as follows: fructose6-phosphate, 1.0 mM; fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, 10 mM; AMP, 0.1 mM;ADP, 0.5 mM; ATP, 5 mM; and Pi, 10 mM. Is the phosphofructokinasereaction in muscle more or less exergonic than under standard conditions?By how much?Many enzymes obey simple Michaelis–Mentenkinetics, which are summarized by the equationrate = Vmax [S]/([S] + Km)where Vmax = maximum velocity, [S] = concentration ofsubstrate, and Km = the Michaelis constant.It is instructive to plug a few values of [S] into theequation to see how rate is affected. What are the rates for[S] equal to zero, equal to Km, and equal to infinite concen-tration?The sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, pumps 2 mol Ca2+ out of sarcomeres per mol ATP hydrolyzed.(a) Given the following steady-state concentrations and a membrane potential of 65 mV (inside negative), calculate ΔG for the following activetransport process at 37 °C and pH = 7.4:2Ca2+(in) + ATP + H2O → 2Ca2+(out) + ADP + Pi + H+ATP = 2.6 mM, ADP = 210 μM, Pi = 5.1 mM, Ca2+(in) = 32 mM,Ca2+(out) = 2.2 mM(b) In active muscle the pH can drop below 7.4. Is the reaction above moreor less favorable under these conditions?(c) The activity of the Ca2+-ATPase is regulated reversibly under normalconditions to maintain homeostatic concentrations of Ca2+ inside thesarcomere. However, in a rare genetic disorder, irreversible activation ofthe Ca2+ -ATPase can occur. Assuming 37 °C, pH = 7.4, and the steadystate concentrations for ATP, ADP Pi, and Ca2 +(out) given in part (a),calculate the minimum [Ca2 +] inside a sarcomere that has irreversibly activated Ca2 +-ATPase (i.e., the Ca2 +-ATPase…
- 1. a. In active muscle cells, the pO2 is about 10 torr at the cell surface and 1 torr at the mitochondria(the organelles where oxidative metabolism occurs). Calculate the percentage of bound oxygentransported to the mitochondria of muscle cells by myoglobin (KD = 2 torr). b. A new oxygen transport protein that exhibits cooperative binding has been isolated and is beingstudied in the lab. Calculate the KD value if Y = 0.76 when pO2 = 18 torr (assume n = 2.5). Howdoes this compare to the KD value for hemoglobin? Does this protein bind more or less tightly tooxygen compared to hemoglobin?The drug troglitazone was used to treat diabetes but was withdrawn from the market when patientswho took the drug suffered from severe side effects. The data below show the activity of an enzymein the steroid biosynthetic pathway in the presence and absence of 10 µM troglitazone.[S] (µM) v0 (pmol min-1)Create a plot of 1/v0 vs. 1/[S]. Calculate KM and vmax in presence and absence of inhibitor. Whattype of inhibitor is troglitazone? Clearly support your answer.In considering active transport by Na + -K + -ATPase at body temperature (37 o C), 3 Na+ are pumped out of the cell and 2 K + are pumped in for each ATP that is hydrolyzed to ADP + P i . Given that underyour experimental conditions, the DG for ATP hydrolysis is -10 kcal/mol, and that V is -60 mV, and that the pump maintains the internal Na + at 10mM, external Na + at 120 mM, internal K + at 120 mM and external K + at 8mM, what is the efficiency of the pump (i.e., what fraction of the energy available from ATP hydrolysis is required to drive transport at the provided levels)?