How many cycles will it take to process all instructions
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- 17. Consider the following hypothetical instruction: SubMem R1, mem1, mem2 This instruction works as follows: \[ \mathrm{R} 1 \leftarrow \text { [mem1] - [mem2] } \] In a multi-cycle datapath implementation, this instruction will: a. Use the MDR twice b. Use the ALU once c. Use the "shift to left" unit twice d. None of the above Answer: B 18. Consider the following hypothetical instruction: Mems mem1, R1, mem2 This instruction works as follows: \[ \text { [mem1] } \leftarrow \mathrm{R} 1 \text { - [mem2] } \] One of the following is correct about this instruction: a. It will not need theBregister b. It will require priting into MDR twice c. It will require writing into the ALUout three times d. None of the above Answer: A 19. By comparing the hypothetical instructions given in Questions (17) and (18), if we run these instructions on the same processor, then one of the following is correct: a. Both instructions have the same CPI b. Mems executes faster than SubMem c. SubMem executes…I need help with the following question below. This exercise will help you understand the cost/complexity/performance tradeoffs of forwarding in a pipelined processor. Problems in this exercise refer to pipelined datapaths from Figure 4.45. These problems assume that, of all the instructions executed in a processor, the following fraction has a particular type of RAW data dependence. The type of RAW data dependence is identified by the stage that produces the result (EX or MEM) and the instruction that consumes the result (1st instruction that follows the one that produces the result, 2nd instruction that follows, or both). We assume that the register write is done in the first half of the clock cycle and that register reads are done in the second half of the cycle, so “EX to 3rd” and “MEM to 3rd” dependences are not counted because they cannot result in data hazards. Also, assume that the CPI of the processor is 1 if there are no data hazards. EX to 1st only MEM to 1st only EX to…5. Below is a depiction of a loop in instruction memory address Охо TOP: instruction 1 Ox4 instruction 2 Ox8 instruction 3 OxC instruction 4 Ох10 conditional branch to TOP Assume that the branch target buffer is initially empty, and the prediction bits are set to Strongly Taken (ST). Fill in the blanks On the first pass through the loop we take the branch. The branch target bits are now We suffer stalls. On the second pass through the loop we don't take the branch. The branch target bits are now We suffer stalls. On the third pass through the loop we don't take the branch. The branch target bits are now We suffer stalls. On the fourth pass through the loop we don't take the branch. The branch target bits are now We suffer stalls.
- Multicycle execution is better than single cycle execution since it is: a. Every operation is completely carried out within a single clock cycle b. Break up operation so that each stage is executed in 1 clock cycle and allow skipping of unused stages. c. The maximum clock frequency is determined by the slowest instruction in the instruction set. d. A form of parallelism since more than one instruction is executed by the processor in any given claQ3 Stack Pointer (SP) and Program Counter (PC) are used in stack operations. Use an appropriate block diagram instruction to explain how SP and PC are used in last-in-first-out (LIFO) memory allocation instruction. (a) Assuming stack pointer (SP) is Ox0000 2220. Initially, what would the values be after executing the following instructions: PUSH {r0,r2} and POP {r0- 17,PC} for a 32-bit processor? (b)No Forwarding In this exercise, we examine how data dependencies affect execution in the basic 5-stage pipeline described in COD Section 4.5 (An overview of pipelining). Problems in this exercise refer to the following sequence of instructions: 1) add St1, $t2, St3 2) sub St2, $t1, St4 3) add St1, $t1, St2 Assume there is no forwarding in this pipelined processor. a) Write the sequence of instructions and include NOP (no operation dummy instructions) to eliminate any hazards. b) How many cycles will it take to process all instructions? Hint: Remember that only RAW dependencies matter in a pipeline.
- :- We will be implementing a new instruction within the MIPS architecture. New instruction will decrement a Variable stored in a memory location and store the decremented value in a register (Rt). This new instruction will be called DECR. Its usage and interpretation is Usage: DECR Offset(4*Rs),Rt Interpretation: Reg[Rt]= Mem[4*Rs+Offset] - 1 Which blocks are used and which control signals are generated for this instruction. How would the Instruction code fields look like ? Do we need to add an extra hardware logic, explain ? (You may draw a simplified datapath flow)Q3 Stack Pointer (SP) and Program Counter (PC) are used in stack operations. (a) Use an appropriate block diagram instruction to explain how SP and PC are used in last-in-first-out (LIFO) memory allocation instruction. (b) Assuming stack pointer (SP) is 0x0000_2220. Initially, what would the values be after executing the following instructions: PUSH {r0,r2} and POP {r0- 17,PC} for a 32-bit processor?Quiz-1: Refer to Lecture-3 Module 1 swap (int* V, int k) { temp = V[k]; /* temp in $t0 */ V[k] = V[k+1]; V[k+1] = temp; } Write the swap() function using special registers required for accessing parameters passed to this function. Use “t” registers for any needed temporary registers.
- • Write the assembly language code fragment that corresponds with the following high level language code fragment. You will need to use the SUB (subtract) instruction. If (A>B) OR (B=b) AND (b==c)) OR (a<=c) then a = b + c else a = b - cExplain the Memory stack organization of 16 locations of stack( 0 to 15). take the initial value of thestack pointer is SP = 0E in Hex. Explain the following push and pop instructions through the Memorystack organization diagram.(1) PUSH R5 WHERE R5 = XX in Hex(2) POP R4 WHERE R4 = (XX + 3 ) Hex for example roll no 64 is having the data in R5 = 64Hex and R4 is ( 64+3 = 67 Hex)Th is exercise is intended to help you understand the relationship between forwarding, hazard detection, and ISA design. Problems in this exercise refer to the following sequence of instructions, and assume that it is executed on a 5-stage pipelined datapath:add r5,r2,r1lw r3,4(r5)lw r2,0(r2)or r3,r5,r3sw r3,0(r5)> If there is no forwarding or hazard detection, insert nops to ensure correct execution.> Repeat above step, but now use nops only when a hazard cannot be avoided by changing or rearranging these instructions. You can assume register R7 can be used to hold temporary values in your modifi ed code.> If the processor has forwarding, but we forgot to implement the hazard detection unit, what happens when this code executes?