Complete the table below for the gluconeogenesis with their corresponding precursor molecule AMINO ACIDS Steps Structural Structural Enzyme, activator and Formula formula of Is the reaction reversible or irreversible? coenzyme the product of the substrate required
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- LA student, halfan hour afier the dinner, containing about I50 g ofearbohydrates, 20 g of fat, and 40g of peotcin, is siting in a chair and reading d) cnumerate the rogulatory enzmes of fatty acid synthesis from elucose that have their activity and amount increased underthe influcnec ofthe mentioned hormoneIn healthy adults, the concentration of glucose in blood is approximately80 to 110 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl). After a carbohydrate-richmeal, however, the concentration may spike to 140 mg/dl. Describe thehormonal action that returns blood glucose to normal.Severe dieting results in both the reduction of fat stores andthe loss of muscle mass. Use biochemical reactions to tracethe conversion of muscle protein to glucose production.
- The absorption of triacylglycerols in the small intestineis an energy-requiring process that involves hydrolyticreactions to yield monoacylglycerol and fatty acids. Aftertheir transport into enterocytes, fatty acids and monoacylglycerol are reconverted into triacylglycerols. Suggest areason why triacylglycerols are not absorbed directlywithout the hydrolytic reactions.Brieflyexplainthesignalingpathwaybywhichthelivercovertsthestoredcarbohydrateto glucose and transports it to blood at low blood glucose level. In your answer, the signal pathway, source of glucose, key enzymes and proteins should be described.Patients with a form of early-onset diabetes were found to carry a variety of mutations reducing the function of the glucokinase (GK) enzyme. These patients are heterozygous for one of the mutations, and thus show only partial rather than complete loss of GK activity. Answer the following questions about these patients. How would blood sugar lovolc likoly bo affoctod in CK nautatie
- Why is it important that gluconeogenesis is not the exactreverse of glycolysis?Metabolic disorders are due to a LACK OF A PARTICULAR ENZYME OR ONE THAT is defective. Select a metabolis disorder/disease Describe the defect, identifying the enzyme(s) and discuss the therapy available treatment. Does the therapy treat the symptoms or the meatbolic nature of the disease? Explain.Dehydroascorbate is unstable at pH values greater than 6 anddecomposes to form tartrate and oxalate. Cells use GSH toreduce the loss of ascorbate. What is the reaction pathwayfor the regeneration of ascorbate?
- Patient who had undergone a complex maxillofacial operation could not takefood during 2 days, but glucose level in the patient's blood during that period wason the lower limit of normal. What mechanisms facilitate the maintenance ofnormal level of glucose in prolonged starvation? To answer this question:a) indicate normal fasting blood glucose level;b) draw the metabolic pathway ensuring glucose synthesis in patient's body duringa period of starvation, mark the enzymes and coenzymes;c) list the substrates of this process and its localization.Panthothenic acid is involved in the metabolic pathways as coenzyme:Diabetes mellitus is characterized by insufficiency of thepancreas to produce enough insulin to regulate the blood sugarlevel. In type I diabetes, the pancreas produces no insulin, andthe patient is totally dependent on insulin from an externalsource to be infused at a rate to maintain blood sugar levelsat normal levels. Hyperglycemia occurs when blood glucoselevel rises much higher than the norm (>8 mmol/L) for pro-longed periods of time; hypoglycemia occurs when the blood sugar level falls below values of 3 mmol/L. Both situations canbe deleterious to the individual’s health. The normal range ofblood sugar is between 3.8 and 5.6 mmol/L, the target rangefor a controller regulating blood sugar.A patient with type I diabetes needs your help to maintainher blood sugar within an acceptable range (3 mmol/L<glucose<8 mmol/L). She has just eaten a large meal (a disturbance) that you estimate will release glucose accord-ing toD(t)=0.5e−0.05t,wheretis in minutes andD(t)is inmmol/L –…