6. In an experiment, students used liver tissuc samples to study the cthanolmetabolism and the possibility of ethanol conversion into glucose. The ethanolintroduction in the investigated medium didn't lead to glucose level increase.Why is it impossible to convert ethanol to glucose? For the answer:a) provide a scheme of gluconcogenesis, indicate the substrates of this process;b) write the reaction of ethanol oxidation in the liver;c) explain whether it is possible to use the metabolites of ethanol catabolism forthe glucose synthesis.

The primary source of energy for the body is glucose, which is absorbed from meals in the intestine.…

Answered: 6. In an experiment, students used…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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1. Glycolysis & Gluconeogenesisa) a)Write the overall net reaction for glycolysis. b) Write the overall netreaction for gluconeogenesis. c) What is the energy cost (assume ATP≡GTP) of transforming glucose to twopyruvate and back to glucose? d) What enzymes of glycolysis are bypassed in gluconeogenesis? e) What enzymes are unique to gluconeogenesis? f) What enzymes are the sites of regulation in gluconeogenesis? g) Describe how glycolysis & gluconeogenesis are reciprocally regulated.
Q) Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis are regulated through differential regulation a) What does differential regulation mean? b) Provide an example of a differential regulator from glycolysis (vs gluconeogenesis) • State what enzyme it regulates in glycolysis and what kind of regulator it is • In less than 10 words state what physiological conditions it signals.
c) As what molecule does each of the monosaccharides enter glycolysis? d) How many moles of ATP are generated from the complete oxidation of one mole of lactose? Show all the steps for the calculation of moles of ATP. Be sure to account for energy used in activating the components of lactose so that they can enter glycolysis.
1. What is the common metabolic pathway of these three nutrients? Explain the process involved. 2. Make a flow chart diagram of each step in Glycolysis. Identify the biochemical reactions in each step and its corresponding enzymes and coenzymes. 3. What metabolic products are formed from pyruvate in each case: a) anaerobic conditions in the body b) anaerobic conditions in yeast c) aerobic conditions
The PDH complex is a logical point of regulation in metabolism, as it links two major catabolic processes. Answer the following regarding the complex: a) Explain the advantage of E1, E2 and E3 working as a complex as opposed to separately. b) Explain the purpose of each of the three enzymes and their associated cofactors. c) NADH can inhibit the PDH complex directly or indirectly. What is the purpose of inhibition by NADH? d) Explain the differences between direct and indirect inhibition by NADH. Be sure to indicate the components involved and the mechanism of inhibition (impact on target component).
18) During glycolysis, the molecule shown at right is the substrate of a) aldolase b) triosephosphate isomerase c) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase d) phosphoglycerate mutase 0-P-O 19) fr the molecule at right (above) proceed to 2-phosphoglycerate, which of the following would be the position of the carbon marked with a star? b) c) d) H. -P=0 -0-P=0 ОН HO. HO. HO. When we break down fats (triacylglycerol), the glycerol can be converted to pyruvate (or lactate) by entering glycolysis as shown below. HO ATP ADP NAD NADH shycolysis но Om-o 20) If one molecule of glycerol is converted to one molecule of pyruvate, what is the net synthesis of ATP? a) +3 b) +2 c) +1 0 (P e) -1 f) -2 g) -3 21) If one molecule of glycerol is converted to one molecule of lactate, what is the net synthesis of NAD:H? a) +3 b) +2 c) +1 d) 0 e) -1 f) -2 g) -3 22) Consider the reaction catalyzed by phosphoglycerate mutase. Which of the following would force the reaction to go more so in the glycolysis…
10. Glycogen, as the main storage form of glucosc, is an important energy reservoir. Describe the role of glycogen in providing the body with energy. To answer: a) write a scheme for glycogen mobilization, and oxidation of the end product to CO, and H,O; b) mark the reactions associated with ATP synthesis and ATP consumption in the scheme, calculate the oxidation energy yield of I mole of the final product resulting from glycogen breakdown; 1L An unconscious man with sions of alcobol poisonino was taken to the hosnital
Compare the regulation of phosphofuctokinase-1 (PFK- 1) activity and fructose 1,6- bisphosphatase in glycolysis. c) In the B-oxidation of a saturated, even chain fatty acid, four basic steps are involved. Describe these reactions using the degradation of palmitic acid as an example. d) e) Compare the steps involved in the formation of ketone bodies.
1) under intracellular conditions, answer : If G3P-DH is inhibited by Iodoacetic acid, which glycolytic intermediate will accumulate most rapidly and why ? 2) How will increased oxaloacetate level in mitochondria affect fatty acid biosynthesis ?
lets say that the Km for hexokinase IV with glucose is 17mM. if normal blood glucose concentrations is 5mM, than the enzyme rate is has to be? 1) below 1/2 Vmax 2) 1/2 Vmax 3)Vmax 4) 3 times Vmax
D) Carbohydrate catabolism involves substrate-level phosphorylation. E) My answer is not here 27. The adduct acetoacetyl-acyl carrier protein is formed as an intermediate during fatty acid biosynthesis. The CO2 used to synthesize malonyl-S-CoA is lost. Would this help make the reaction more or less energetically favorable? A) Loss of CO2 increases entropy (AS) and therefore decreases the favorability of the reaction (AG). B) Loss of CO2 has no effect on entropy (AS) and therefore does not affect the favorability of the reaction (AG). C) Loss of CO2 increases entropy (AS) and therefore increases the favorability of the reaction (AG). D) Loss of CO2 decreases entropy (AS) and therefore decreases the favorability of the reaction (AG). E) Loss of CO2 decreases entropy (AS) and therefore increases the favorability of the reaction (AG).
1. The first step in the payoff phase of glycolysis is catalyzed by the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that contains a nucleophilic cysteine playing a central role in the reaction. A) In the direction of gluconeogenesis, what reaction does this enzyme catalyze? AG° = -6.3 kcal/mol for this reaction in the direction of gluconeogenesis. Based on what you know about the substrates involved, provide two chemical reasons as to why the AGO of this reaction is negative.

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