Why is that antigen-antibody complexes are visible in aggregated clumps, and yet red blood cells are microscopic?

Q: What is an introduction to ANTIBODY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION ?

A: Antibody (Ab) or immunoglobin (Ig) is a Y-shaped protein produced by the immune system in response…

Q: List the five classes of antibody and discuss their diagnostic significance

A: The antibody is otherwise known as an immunoglobulin (Ig). It is a protein of Y shape specifically…

Q: What advantages do monoclonal antibodies have compared topolyclonal antibodies? How are mAbs…

A: Introduction  Antibodies: Anti means “Against”; body here refer to antigens hence antibodies are the…

Q: Why specifically is IgM produced upon the primary immune response while IgG is produced upon the…

A: Antibodies protect against immunogens that invade the cells. Antibodies are of five types. That are…

Q: What are ABO blood-group antigens?

A: A blood type (also known as a blood group) is a classification of blood, based on the presence and…

Q: What is the function of the variable regions in an antibody molecule?

A: The immune system of the body protects the individual from the attack of external pathogens. The…

Q: If a given B cell produces only one type of antibody, how do organisms produce a great diversity of…

A: The capability of the body to induce immune response is called immunity. The foreign particle that…

Q: Describe the three processes responsible for antibody diversity, estimating the diversity each…

A: The human body comes across different antigens, hence the immune system has the potential to produce…

Q: What is an immunoglobulin? Describe the structure of an immunoglobulin molecule (light chain and…

A: Immunity is a state of resistance of an organism to invading biotic or abiotic pathogens and their…

Q: Why is IgM particularly effective at cross-linking antigens?

A: Antigens can be defined as the substances that is responsible for triggering the immune response…

Q: What is the significance of a rise in titer of specific antibodies in serum samples taken at…

A: Antibodies or immunoglobulins are the Y-shaped molecules that are responsible for binding to the…

Q: Serum sickness does begin immediately upon the production of anti-BSA antibodies. How does the…

A: Introduction : A hypersensitive reaction is characterised by an immune response to an antigen that…

Q: What is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or human leukocyte antigens (HLA)?

A: Immunity is a state of resistance of an organism to invading biotic or abiotic pathogens and their…

Q: Why do individuals produce an immune response the first time they encounter the A or B antigen as an…

A: The immune system responds to antigens by producing cells that attack our system and they are known…

Q: What ABO antibodies are present in the plasma of this type of blood?

A: Blood is the fluid connective tissue of our body. It is the fluid that circulates in our body and…

Q: if a patient has anti- C, anti-Leb, anti-K and anti-Jka. what phenotyp of red blood cells should be…

A: Phenotype of an RBC is determined by the antigen present on their surface .

Q: There are five major classes of antibodies. Complete the three below.

A: An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large, Y-shaped protein used by the immune system…

Q: What is meant by the “window” regarding antibody presence in the blood?

A: Any abnormal condition that hinders normal body functioning is considered a disease. Pathogen attack…

Q: True or False: Plasma B cells secrete antibodies into the bloodstream?

A: Plasma B Cells, also known as Plasma cells are a differentiated white blood cells which are capable…

Q: How to the levels of CstF in B lymphocytes determine whether antibodies will be membrane- bound or…

A: Antibodies are produced by this type of white blood cell. B lymphocytes are immune cells that…

Q: How is the bivalence of antibodies significant for a precipitationreaction, and under what…

A: Antibodies are the Y-shaped molecules that are responsible for binding to the foreign particles and…

Q: How is the part of an antibody molecule that interacts with an antigen similar to the active site of…

A: Antibodies are group of molecules generated in the body of an organism when  a foreign particle or…

Q: Why are MHC proteins so highly variable?

A: Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are a group of genes that code for proteins found on the…

Q: Although we lumped all lymphocytes together (normal and unusually large ones), what is the correct…

A: Adaptive immunity is the immunity developed after the body encounters the antigen and it removes the…

Q: Explain What Are The Forces That Are Responsible For Antigen-antibody Reactions

A: In laboratory settings, the antigen-antibody reaction is used to diagnose blood grouping systems and…

Q: What distinguishes neutrophils from dendritic cells? How do basophils differ from mast cells?

A: The immune system is spread throughout the body and involves many types of cells, organs, proteins,…

Q: if someone had dysfunctional plasma cells that were unstable to secrete immunoglobulins, what…

A: Dysfunctional plasma cell:- It is the improper functioning of the plasma cells, that causes…

Q: What is the basic structure of the antibody molecule?

A: Antibody is a protein molecule that is generated in the living body by plasma membrane. It…

Q: Why does antibody titer rise after infection? Is ahigh antibody titer indicative of an ongoing…

A: Antibody titer basically refers to the amount of antibody produced by the organisms. This value is…

Q: Why antibodies raised against a native protein sometimes fails to bind to the corresponding…

A: Introduction: Proteins are the most plentiful natural component of the living system. They happen in…

Q: What is the function of Fab and Fc region on an antibody?

A: Given: What is the function of Fab and Fc region on an antibody?

Q: How does the body produce so many highly diverse antibodies to respond to essentially any possible…

A: Antibodies (Ab) or Immunoglobulins (Ig) are large diversities of ‘Y’ shaped glycoprotein molecules.…

Q: labeled secondary

A: Antibodies are the proteins (immunoglobins) produced by B-Lymphocytes. There are two groups of…

Q: What are five different ways that antibodies help our bodies fight diseases?

A: Immunoglobulins (Ig) are also referred to as antibodies, which are responsible to fight diseases or…

Q: What cell secretes antibodies and explain the various functions of antibodies.

A: The immune system of the body protects the individual from the attack of external pathogens. The…

Q: What evidence led Emil von Behring to discover antibodies and the complement system in 1905?

A: Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are protein molecules produced by the body's immune…

Q: Why does the eliza with two antibodies incubate after adding the substrates?

A: ELISA are a type of immunoassay that are commonly used to quantify the specific target within a…

Q: what are the five classes of immunoglobulins?

A: Plasma cells produced glycoprotein called immunoglobins it is also called antibodies. It helps to…

Q: If you are transfusing blood to a hypothetical patient, is it more important that the transfused…

A: Blood is a liquid substance which flows in the blood vessels and carry nutrients and oxygen to the…

Q: What are the benefits and costs of antibody cross reactivity?

A: Although the antigen-antibody response is very specific, antibodies can occasionally cross react…

Q: how does antibodies eliminate large pathogens

A: The antibodies are immunoglobulins synthesized by B-cells and secreted to clear pathogens. They…

Q: How can your body make so many different antibodies (proteins) from just a select set of genes?

A: The immune system of the body is responsible to provide defense against the attack of external…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.