Which of the following statements is true about measures of mortality/death? a. The crude mortality rate is a type of incidence rate b. Death certificates data are generally valid c. The case-fatality rate is calculated based on the entire population at risk d. All of the above e. None of the above
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- The proportional mortality ratio (PMR) is the proportion of cases of a particular condition that are fatal within a specific period. O True O FalseIncidence is used in the calculation of risk ratio O True O FalseIn the context of a case-control study, a pro of recruiting incident cases rather than prevalent cases is: a. Incidence is easier to assess than prevalence b. Incidence provides a measure of the burden of disease at one “snapshot” in time c. Using incident cases allows researchers to account for case-deaths that would not be evident if only prevalent cases were considered d. None of the above
- Which of the following is the most appropriate measure of association used in case-control studies? a. Hazard Ratio b. Odds Ratio c. Prevalence Ratio d. Relative Risk or Risk RatioState for each of the following statements if they are true or false: a. Cumulative incidence ratio, incidence rate ratio and prevalence are always unitless. b. For a given exposure and outcome, if the incidence rate ratio is < 1, then the incidence rate difference is < 0. c. An odds of 2:3 has the same magnitude as a risk of 2/5. d. In a case-control study comparing the association of a specific exposure between cases and controls, the only measure of association that we can directly calculate is the odds ratio. e. Attributable risk is more informative to policymaking than cumulative incidence ratio. Please answer asap and type your answer and do not copy from anywhere pleaseDescribe the difference between a prevalence-based and an incidence-based cost-of-illness study. A. Prevalence-based studies are useful for budgeting purposes and includes the cost of existing cases and new cases B. Incidence-based studies only consider the costs for new cases during the year C. When completing an explanatory model both are appropriate because there is no difference when it comes to costs, outcomes and cost projections D. All of the above E. A and B only
- State for each of the following statements if they are true or false: a. Cumulative incidence ratio, incidence rate ratio and prevalence are always unitless. b. For a given exposure and outcome, if the incidence rate ratio is < 1, then the incidence rate difference is < 0. c. An odds of 2:3 has the same magnitude as a risk of 2/5. d. In a case-control study comparing the association of a specific exposure between cases and controls, the only measure of association that we can directly calculate is the odds ratio. e. Attributable risk is more informative to policymaking than cumulative incidence ratio.Identify what type of mortality indicator is depicted in the following graph. a. Age-specific proportional mortality rates due to suicide for males and females combined, and by sex b. Age-standardized all-cause mortality rates for males and females combined, and by sex c. Age-specific cause-specific mortality rates for males and females combined, and by sex d. Age-standardized case-fatality rates due to suicide for males and females combined, and by sex e. Age-standardized cause-specific mortality rates due to suicide for males and females combined, and by sexWhy is it important and crucial for investigators to examine incidence density rather than cumulative incidence of intravenous drug use (IDU) in the studies that followed non-ID users over time? A. Incidence density increases with a greater follow-up period B. Incidence density is a better measure for a uniform follow-up period C. Incidence density is a rate, and, hence, accounts for different follow-up periods D. None of the above
- The ratio of male-to female age-adjusted mortality rates in the United States for pneumonia and influenza is 1.7. This means that compared to the age-adjusted mortality rate for females, the rate for males is O 17% lower O 17% higher O 70% lower O 70% higherWhich of the following scenarios is the least likely to result in a decrease in disease prevalence in a specific population? (assume that there is no migration into or from the population) a. Emergence of a new curative treatment, while incidence remains the same as before b. A more relaxed case definition for the disease, while survival and cure rates remain the same as before c. A worsening of disease reporting standards leading to underreporting of cases, while survival and cure rates remains the same as before d. Higher mortality from the disease, while incidence remains the same as before1. Which of the following is synonymous with incidence which assess the rate of occurrence of the condition ofthe disease?A. Absolute risk B. Odds ratio C. Relative risk D. Risk ratio2. Which among the following estimates the strength of association between exposure and disease?A. Absolute risk B. Odds ratio C. Relative risk D. Risk ratio3. Which of the following is related to measurement of reliability?A. Accuracy of scoresB. Comprehensiveness of the scoresC. Consistency of scoresD. Dependency of the scores
