Tributary Içá Jutaí Japurá Coari Purus Manacapuru Negro Madeira Trombetas Tapajós Xingu Tocantins Upstream number of species 14 11 8 5 10 5 23 29 19 16 25 10 Downstream number of species 19 18 8 7 16 6 24 30 16 20 21 12 a. What is the mean difference in the number of species between areas upstream and down- stream of a tributary? What is the 95% confi- dence interval of this mean difference?

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