The negative impact of PKU can be reduced by stimulation of alternative pathways of phenylalanine metabolism. inhibiting enzymes that convert phenylalanine to toxic by-products. Othe rapid excretion of toxic byproducts of phenylalanine. reducing the dietary intake of phenylalanine.
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- Compare and contrast the following items related to lipid metabolism. Cite their main similarities and/or differences in not more than 5 sentences each: 1. lysophosphatidylcholine vs phosphatidylethanolamine 2. trimyristin vs triolein 3. ACP vs carnitine-acyl transferase 4. dehydrogenase enzyme vs dehydratase enzyme in the context of lipid metabolism) 5. steroid hormones vs prostaglandins (in terms of their biosynthetic pathways) 6. fatty acid synthase complex vs pyruvate dehydrogenase complexExplain using 2-3 sentences the biological significance of the following peptides . Glucagon Insulin Glutathione Ceruloplasmin OxytocinDeficiencies of carnitine, carnitine acyltransferases, or carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase affect the metabolism of long-chain fatty acids. Many of the symptoms are similar, and include hypoketotic hypoglycemia, low ketone levels and low blood sugar with fasting, and damage to the liver, heart, or muscles due to fatty acid buildup in those tissues. Symptom severity varies with the form of the deficiency. The following abbreviations are used: carnitine acyltransferase (carnitine palmitoyltransferase), CPT and carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase, CACT. Identify each symptom or effect as a deficiency of CPT I, CPT II, or CACT. CPT I deficiency CPT II deficiency CACT deficiency Answer Bank acyl carnitine not transported into mitochondrial matrix long-chain fatty acids not transferred to carnitine long-chain fatty acids remain attached to carnitine in matrix
- Cori’s disease, is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that is characterized by defects in the glycogen debranching enzyme amylo-1,6-glucosidase,4-α-glucanotransferase (AGL). It primarily effects the Liver, heart and skeletal muscle. Symptoms can include hyperlipidemia, ketoacidosis, and hypoglycemia. The possible dietary recommendations are as follows:1. A high protein diet to facilitate gluconeogenesis2. A ketogenic diet to provide an alternate source of energy3. Small frequent meals to prevent hypoglycemia4. A high fat dietWhich dietary recommendations can be used to treat this disorder? a) 2 and 4 b) 1 and 2 c) 2 and 3 d) 1 and 3 e) None of the above recommendations would be effective f) 3 and 4 g) 1 and 4The metabolic precursor for the production of most eicosanoids isDescribe the role of ethanol in cellular energy supply, the metabolism of ethanol (alcohol), the regulation of its metabolism and the disease conditions associated with its metabolism especially - hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, hepatic steatosis, Vitamin deficiency, and acetaldehyde toxicity (you should feel free to discuss other diseases that are directly related to ethanol metabolism).
- For the following people. Use H to represent the production of the functional phenylalanine hydroxyls enzyme and h to represent the production of non-functional phenylalanine hydroxyls. Match the person to their genotypeExplain the metabolism, biochemical importance and inborn error of Glycine Phenylalanine, tyrosine - Tryptophan Sulphur containing amino acids.Choose the CORRECT sequence of glycine formation. transamination of 3-phosphoglycerate → hydrolysis of 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate → hydrolysis of 3-phosphoserine → transfer of the side-chain methylene group of cysteine to tetrahydrofolate → glycine transamination of 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate → oxidation of 3-phosphoglycerate → transfer of the side-chain amino group of serine to tetrahydrofolate → glycine oxidation of 3-phosphoglycerate → oxidation of 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate → hydrolysis of 3-phosphoserine → glycine transamination of 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate → hydrolysis of 3-phosphoserine → oxidation of 3-phosphoglycerate →transfer of the side-chain methylene group of serine to tetrahydrofolate → glycine oxidation of 3-phosphoglycerate → transamination of 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate → hydrolysis of 3-phosphoserine → transfer of the side-chain methylene group of serine to tetrahydrofolate → glycine
- One mechanism by which lead exerts its poisonous effect on enzymes can be stopped by chelation therapy with EDTA. Describe this type of lead poisoning and explain why it is reversible.In healthy adults, the concentration of glucose in blood is approximately80 to 110 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl). After a carbohydrate-richmeal, however, the concentration may spike to 140 mg/dl. Describe thehormonal action that returns blood glucose to normal.Define the different types of insulins and their naming schemes
