The maximum transmission unit on an Ethernet link is 4500 bytes. This means that the IP packets sent over Ethernet cannot be larger than 4500 bytes including the IP header. Suppose the application layer sends a 6500-byte message. The transport layer uses TCP with no options. The network layer is using IP version 4. Obviously, the IP layer will have to fragment the data. Provide the length of new datagrams (after fragmentation). Provide the Flag and offset of each of the new datagrams.
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- A new architecture, with N layers, is proposed. User application at the top layer generates a message of M bytes. At each layer, an H bytes header is added. The second layer of that architecture also adds T bytes trailer. In this architecture, the message M is not divided into smaller packets at any layer. • What is the size of the final message (in bytes) transferred by the lower layer? • If we consider the headers and trailers to be an overhead, what is the percentage of such overhead to the total size of the final message?In a bit-oriented link-layer protocol, the start and end of a frame are each marked by a flag, which is a sequence of exactly 6 consecutive 1 bits. Bit stuffing is used during the rest of the frame: after sending 5 consecutive 1 bits, a 0 is added. The bits below contain an example frame, with the leftmost bit received first. The content of the frame is a sequence of bytes, sent most significant bit first. Put the values of the first four bytes of the frame content, in order, in the four answer boxes below. You may enter the values in either decimal (e.g. 76, 123) or hexadecimal (e.g. 2a, f7). 00101011111010001111110011100111110000111101111101010110100010010011111101101100100 57−240−123−229please answer with proper explanation and step by step solution. Question: Consider a fictional six-layer protocol hierarchy where layer 1 is the lowest layer, and layer 6 is the highest layer. Therefore, an application sends a message M by passing it to layer 6. All the even-numbered layers attach a trailer Ti (i = 2, 4, 6) to their payload, and all the odd-numbered layers attach a header Hi (i = 1, 3, 5) to their payload. Draw the headers, trailers, and original message M in the order they are sent out.
- Provide an example of a protocol at each of the TCP/IP model layers, for example that you have used in the above. Also give an example of overhead added in each of these protocols, e.g. a field in the protocol header. If possible, provide information on the maximum size of each packet, and the size of the header, of each of these example protocols.A new architecture, with N layers, is proposed. User application at the top layer generates a message of M bytes. At each layer, an H bytes header is added. The second layer of that architecture also adds T bytes trailer. In this architecture, the message M is not divided into smaller packets at any layer. What is the size of the final message (in bytes) transferred by the lower layer? If we consider the headers and trailers to be an overhead, what is the percentage of such overhead to the total size of the final message?1. What is the difference between packet fragmentation (i.e., at network layer) and frame frag- mentation (i.e., at link layer) in terms of purpose? 2. Suppose that host A is connected to a router R1, R1 is connected to another router, R2, and R2 is connected to host B. Suppose that a TCP message that contains 800 bytes of data and 20 bytes of TCP header is passed to the IP function at host A for delivery to B. Show the Total length, DF, MF, and Fragment offset fields of the IP header in each packet transmitted over the three links. (Assume that link A-R1 can support a maximum frame size of 1024 bytes including a 14-byte frame header, link R1-R2 can support a maximum frame size of 512 bytes, including an 8-byte frame header, and link R2-B can support a maximum frame size of 432 bytes including a 12-byte frame header.) (*hint: the Fragment offset field is denominated by 8-bytes, not bytes) 3. What is the purpose of the path MTU discovery process (see textbook Figure 5-42) and why does…
- Consider the datagrams of each layer in the TCP/IP model, e.g., Frame at the Link Layer, Packet at the Internet Layer. Explain the functioning of the following protocols based on their datagram header fields only. Note: You do not need to describe the header field but based on the header field, explain how the protocol works, e.g., Acknowledgement field in a TCP Header is responsible for providing reliable data transfer and in case of data loss or ACK not received, segment is re-sent. You do not need to consider every field of the headers but wherever there are more than 4 fields, then based on 5 fields, describe its functioning, if less than or equal to 4 fields then consider all the fields. Ethernet Frame 11 Frame IPv4 Packet IPv6 Packet TCP Segment UDP Segment HTTP3. Consider a simple application-level protocol built on top of UDP that allows a client to retrieve a file from a remote server residing at a well-known address. The client first sends a request with a file name, and the server responds with a sequence of data packets containing different parts of the requested file. To ensure reliability and sequenced delivery, client and server use a stop-and-wait protocol. Ignoring the obvious performance issue, do you see a problem with this protocol? Think carefully about the possibility of processing crashing. State conclusion: Provide Proof: Solution:4. The original HTTP protocol used TCP/IP as the underlying protocol. For each page, graphic, or applet, a separate TCP connection was constructed, used, and terminated. This caused several problems: one referred to as the elephant and mice problem and two aspects of connection overhead. Describe both problems. Why were separate connections used? Would UDP rather than TCP be a good alternative? What solution would you propose to these problems to improve HTTP performance?
- Data collision occurs when multiple senders simultaneously attempt to access the communication medium. Various protocols have been developed to mitigate this issue. These protocols operate at different layers of the network stack. Could you please provide more specific information about the protocols you are interested in? Do these methods ensure reliable gearbox without any possibility of collisions? What alternative solutions are available if this approach proves ineffective?Assume that Computer A, which is connected through an Ethernet cable to the Switch S1, is just powered on. The user opens a browser and then types a website address to receive the website from the Server (as shown in Figure 1). Write down all the important protocols that come into play by the time the first frame containing HTTP request reaches R1. (Note: Before HTTP frame, other frames have already been sent by other protocol(s).) Write down all the protocols with reference to the TCP Model as follows? Application Layer: Transport Layer: Internet Layer: Link Layer:Assume that Computer A, which is connected through an Ethernet cable to the Switch S1, is just powered on. The user opens a browser and then types a website address to receive the website from the Server (as shown in Figure 1). Write down all the important protocols that come into play by the time the first frame containing http request reaches R1. (Note: Before http frame, other frames have already been sent by other protocol(s).) Write down all the protocols with reference to the TCP Model as follows. Application Layer: Transport Layer: Internet Layer: Link Layer: [Physical Layer (if needed)]: After writing down the protocols that come into play, briefly write the procedure as to what happens
