The cell-cycle control system is based on a connected series of biochemical switches which possess many important features that increase the accuracy and reliability of cell-cycle progression. Discuss
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The cell-cycle control system is based on a connected series of biochemical switches which possess many important features that increase the accuracy and reliability of cell-cycle progression. Discuss
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- There are several main model systems through which the first set of major breakthroughs in the understanding of cell cycle control was made. Indicate whether each of the following statements is likely to be true or false for this initial phase of discovery. The frog egg system was critical for developing genetic screens for identifying genes important for cell cycle regulation. Cytoplasm extract from plant cells was used to identify factors important for cell cycle progression. Temperature-sensitive mutants are critical for identifying genes essential for cell division.What cellular mechanism(s) ensure that passage through the cell cycle is unidirectional and irreversible? What molecular machinery underlies these mechanism(s)?What are the most important steps in cell-cycle regulation? Give some explanations and present some factors leading to uncontrolled cell cycle.
- Discuss Regulation of cell cycletransitions.In the following study, the investigators wanted to determine the role of cyclin B in controlling the cell cycle. Earlier researchers had found that extracts made from frog eggs (Xenopus) contained all the necessary proteins and machinery required for DNA replication. This included proteins that regulated the mitosis promoting factor (MPF). At the time of this study, cyclin B was show to affect MPF activity and the research group wanted to test using Xenopus egg extract in an assay. In Figure 1 (a) MPF activity was tested for its ability to phosphorylate Histone (H1) in sperm chromatin over a certain period of time. Additionally, the cyclin B concentration in the extract was measured. In figure 1b, the extract was tested after treatment with RNase which degraded only the mRNA and not RNA or FRNA in the extract. Knowing that cyclin B is a short-lived protein, why do you suppose the graph shows the results you see in figure 1b?Discuss two-three ways that kinases/phosphatases OR proteasomes ensures proper rates of cell division.
- Briefly describe the cell cycle, its checkpoints, and the general proteins required to move past each checkpoint. For each cell cycle checkpoint, be sure to describe what the cell is "checking for" and how this "check" occurs, along with the result if the checkpoint cannot be passed. Your answer should also include a description of the structure of MPF, its regulation, and its general targets or functions. Be sure to include any accessory molecules or proteins involved in regulation of MPF, while also describing the process by which MPF is formed and activated. In this answer, you should also choose two proteins involved in the cell cycle, which, if mutated, will cause cancer. Describe these proteins and their normal functions, and then show how a mutation in these proteins will result in cancer.Describe the three most important cell cycle checkpoints. Explain in a detailed manner and provide some sample scenarios.What are four external factors that play a role in cell cycle control?
- 1. (a) Describe the generalized model of the cell cycle. Demonstrate how cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases can regulate the cell cycle. (b). Describe three ways in which cells lose their ability to regulate their growth to become cancerous.After DNA damage (e.g. caused by X-ray exposure) in eukaryotic cells, the cell cycle can be arrested by the stabilisation of the protein which drives the transcription of the gene, whose protein product interacts with the G1/S-Cdk and S-Cdk complexes. O PDGF, acetyltransferase O phenylalanine hydraxylase, PDGF O p53, acetyltransferase O p53, p21 O p21. p53Discuss two-three ways that kinases/phosphatases OR proteasomes ensures proper rates of cell division. A- G B I U V C M I Ꭶ C X₂ C x² = 州 순