T cells have to work in a partnership with an Antigen Presenting Cell (APC). Before this can occur, the APC must modify the antigen. Please discuss how this process happens and the major protein that is involved. Be detailed.
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T cells have to work in a partnership with an Antigen Presenting Cell (APC). Before this can occur, the APC must modify the antigen. Please discuss how this process happens and the major protein that is involved. Be detailed.
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- Write T if the statement is correct; write F if the statement is not correct. P and E selectins are expressed by endothelial cells. " " TCRs consist of heavy and light chains. " " A disulfide bond can be found on TCRs. " " The antigen binding site in TCRs is contributed by the variable region of the H chain and the variable region of the light chain. " " CD4, but not CD8, interacts with Lck. " "Influenza virus causes serious disease and death, and is responsible for one of the largest pandemics in recorded history. However, the process by which antigens are made and processed are not unique to that virus. Answer the following questions to trace how infected cells will become recognizable by the TCR of a compatible T-cell. A) Where are the viral proteins made? B) Describe the process by which viral proteins are broken down into peptides. Be sure to discuss any unique molecules or organelles that participate in the process. C) Which MHC molecule presents these peptides? D) Now that you have made peptides from the viral antigen, how do they get to and bind to the MHC molecule? Describe the process. What unique molecules are involved in this process? E) What is the final destination for these molecules/epitopes, and how do they reach that destination?Describe the process by which your immune system is able to create antibodies to bacteria which penetrate your skin. Be sure to include ALL cell types and all cell surface antigen/markers involved with this process.
- Name the 4 types of T cells and give the function of each one. (note: Suppressor T cell is also known as Regulatory T cell)Draw a schematic diagram of a typical IgG molecule and label each of the following parts: H chains, L chains, intrachain disulfide bonds, hinge, Fab, Fc, and all the domains. Indicate which domains are involved in antigen binding.In a mixed lymphocyte reaction, T cells from individual A make a robust response to antigen-presenting-cells from individual B, as long as the two individuals express different alleles of MHC molecules. Estimates indicate that up to 10% of the T cells from individual A may contribute to this response. If one performed this assay using responder T cells from a child and antigen-presenting cells from one parent, the result would be: A massive proliferative response made by the antigen-presenting cells of the parent A very weak response by the child’s T cells, involving only 0.1% of their T cells The complete absence of any proliferative response by the child’s T cells A robust cytolytic response that kills all of the parent’s antigen-presenting cells A robust response by the child’s T cells
- Neutralizing antibodies are effective at preventing infection or toxicity mediated by pathogens or their toxic products. In fact, nearly all vaccines currently in use function by eliciting neutralizing antibodies. One example is the tetanus vaccine, in which neutralizing antibodies are generated against an inactivated form of the tetanus toxin (the tetanus toxoid). The most important feature of a neutralizing antibody is having high affinity for the antigen. being efficient at activating the complement cascade. having a high degree of multivalency, such as being a pentamer or hexamer of immunoglobulin monomers. being present at a high concentration in the circulation. 0 0 0 0The antibody surface involved in antigen binding varies depending on the size and nature of the antigen. This surface can be concave or flat, and sometimes, can have extended protrusions. This is accomplished by: Flexibility in the hinge regions of the antibody allowing rotation of the antigen-binding sites Some antibodies using V region framework sequences instead of the CDRs to bind antigen The ability of different CDR sequences to form many structurally distinct shapes and surfaces The ability of the same heavy chain to pair with different light chains The differential usage of κ versus λ light chains, as κ chains form concaveThe T-cell receptor gene segments are arranged in a similar pattern to immunoglobulin gene segments and are rearranged by the same enzymes. While B cells and T cells differ markedly in their functions during an immune response, the two lymphocyte subsets share the enzymatic machinery and overall scheme for generating antigen receptor diversity. This is because: B cells and T cells recognize the same form of antigen expressed by an infecting pathogen. Animals with B cells developed first, and later evolving species then developed T cells. B cells and T cells both need enormous antigen receptor diversity to provide protection against the diversity of pathogens. Antibody and T-cell receptor gene segments are both flanked by similar recombination signal sequences. B cells and T cells both secrete their antigen receptor proteins after they are activated by antigen-binding.
- True/False: Antibody binding to a pathogen surface is greatly enhanced when both antigen-binding sites of the antibody are engaged at once, a feature known as bivalent binding. It is possible for antibodies to bind bivalently to a wide variety of components on many different pathogen surfaces due to the flexibility in the protein at the hinge region and at the V–C junction.Secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) are important sites for the initiation of T cell responses via immune priming. Once an antigen-presenting cell (APC) presenting peptide-MHC arrives at a secondary lymphoid organ, it must find a relatively rare T cell clone with a TCR that recognizes its presented peptide-MHC complex. Which of the following features of SLOs increases the likelihood of this APC finding its cognate T cell? Activated APCs are captured by SLO-resident macrophages once they enter via afferent lymphatics, allowing them to be interrogated by T cells Concentrate high densities of T cells within specific zones to enable efficient APC browsing Drain pathogens from infected tissues through the lymphatics, bringing them to secondary lymphoid organs where they can be killed by B cells Contain specialized nutrients that are required for productive TCR signaling following interactions with a cognate APCDiscuss three differences between antigen and antibodies Explain the structure of the antibody molecule. Discuss the differences between humoral and cell mediated immunity in terms of chemicals and cells involved in each process as they tackle pathogens.
