calculate Evenness index, Simpson index, and Shannon-Weiner index Simpson's IndexSpec0១៦។|~~~~~~~~~MwwNUPT!!។។។count (m)3JNCONT1LIN1speciescount (n)TIShannon-Weiner IndexLake A1----27\X{ |-------------5 - 00-រី០១ΣΘ......(N)០០០០០០០០៧ថា។0.71 N=25P-In(p) count (₂)- 050] | 10 05-0|16SS = 5 N = 5 H = )p, Inp, 0,661_N = 25=(១)- 25 - 11FL -១.១. ១.០០០.0 5 7||||||||||Im();០០០០០០១Σ(Pr,T)"– ០3133831 8p. - Inp.|--2,. Inp )-0.322-0.322(1)1.61 Sunny areaand hill-4fly - 1wilson warbler-aWood pecker. Iyellow rumped warbler-q10 menitis arthemis - 1Brown anore lizard - 1Six lines race wunner lizard - 1Non sunny anedsunnyandles -1Arthropods - 1ants - 5Spider-1Florinda-1Himenitir anthemifTrue bugs, reppersapids & Allies - I

The evenness index is a measure of how evenly distributed the abundance of different species is in a…

Simpson's Index Species [1] ។។ 1 2 3 ទេ។ count (₂) N 1 S = 5 N = 25 - 1 4 1 F Species (1) count (n) 1 1 Shannon-Weiner Index Lake A 1 1 | S = 5_N = 25 N 1/25 -0.04 00) TEE 0.04 1/25 -0,04 D = 21/25-0.84 H [] 0.04 0.04 (rt,(N) 0.04 -3.219 0.84 -3.219 0.04 -3.219 Σ = = = 0 ) count (2) -0.174 0.0016 5 In(p) P-In(p) count (n) 0.0016 5 0.0016 5 0.0016 5 0.7056 S |||= 25 -0.129 5 -0.129 5 -0.129 5 -0.129 5 -0.146 5 p *Inp_(G6I N = 25 me PVN 5/25 -0.2 2 thoset(()))) 12-02 C) 5/25 - 02 St L P Lake B 0.2 -1.609 0.2 In(n.) ()))) -1.609 0.2 H=- HO EMT -1.609 -1.609 S (ក)? P. - Inp 0.04 0 CO X ) 0.04 ',+Inp) -0.322 =X | | 2)) -0.322 0.322 1.61

Simpson's Index Species [1] ។។ 1 2 3 ទេ។ count (₂) N 1 S = 5 N = 25 - 1 4 1 F Species (1) count (n) 1 1 Shannon-Weiner Index Lake A 1 1 | S = 5_N = 25 N 1/25 -0.04 00) TEE 0.04 1/25 -0,04 D = 21/25-0.84 H [] 0.04 0.04 (rt,(N) 0.04 -3.219 0.84 -3.219 0.04 -3.219 Σ = = = 0 ) count (2) -0.174 0.0016 5 In(p) P-In(p) count (n) 0.0016 5 0.0016 5 0.0016 5 0.7056 S |||= 25 -0.129 5 -0.129 5 -0.129 5 -0.129 5 -0.146 5 p *Inp_(G6I N = 25 me PVN 5/25 -0.2 2 thoset(()))) 12-02 C) 5/25 - 02 St L P Lake B 0.2 -1.609 0.2 In(n.) ()))) -1.609 0.2 H=- HO EMT -1.609 -1.609 S (ក)? P. - Inp 0.04 0 CO X ) 0.04 ',+Inp) -0.322 =X | | 2)) -0.322 0.322 1.61

Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)

15th Edition

ISBN:9781337408332

Author:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr

Publisher:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr

Chapter24: Animal Evolution-the Invertebrates

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 13SQ

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Hawaiian Honeycreeper Phylogeny The Poouli (Melamprosops phaeosoma) was discovered in 1973 by a group or students from the University of Hawaii. Its membership in the Hawaiian honeycreeper clade was (until recently) controversial, mainly because its appearance and behavior are so different from other living honeycreepers. Its particularly lacked the old tent odor characteristic of other honeycreepers. In 2011, Heather Lerner and her colleagues deciphered phylogeny of the 19 Hawaiian honeycreepers that were not yet officially declared to be extinct at the time, including the Poouli. The researchers sequenced mitochondrial and nuclear DNA samples taken from the honeycreepers, and also from 28 other birds (outgroups). Phylogenetic analysis of these data firmly establishes the Poouli as a member of the clade, and also reveals the Eurasian rosefinch as the clades closest relative (FIGURE 18.11). FIGURE 18.11 Hawaiian honeycreeper phylogeny. This cladogram was constructed using sequence comparisons of mitochondrial DNA (whole genome), and 13 nuclear DNA loci of 19 Hawaiian honeycreeper and 28 other finch species. 1. Which species on the cladogram represents an outgroup?
Hawaiian Honeycreeper Phylogeny The Poouli (Melamprosops phaeosoma) was discovered in 1973 by a group or students from the University of Hawaii. Its membership in the Hawaiian honeycreeper clade was (until recently) controversial, mainly because its appearance and behavior are so different from other living honeycreepers. Its particularly lacked the old tent odor characteristic of other honeycreepers. In 2011, Heather Lerner and her colleagues deciphered phylogeny of the 19 Hawaiian honeycreepers that were not yet officially declared to be extinct at the time, including the Poouli. The researchers sequenced mitochondrial and nuclear DNA samples taken from the honeycreepers, and also from 28 other birds (outgroups). Phylogenetic analysis of these data firmly establishes the Poouli as a member of the clade, and also reveals the Eurasian rosefinch as the clades closest relative (FIGURE 18.11). FIGURE 18.11 Hawaiian honeycreeper phylogeny. This cladogram was constructed using sequence comparisons of mitochondrial DNA (whole genome), and 13 nuclear DNA loci of 19 Hawaiian honeycreeper and 28 other finch species. 4. Which species is more closely related to the Palila (Loxioides bailleui): the Iiwi (Vestiaria coccinea) or the Maui Alauahio (Paroreomyza montana)?
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Testing Biological Control Ant-decapitating phorid flies are just one of the biological control agents used to battle imported fire ants. Researchers have also enlisted the help of Thelohania solenopsae, another natural enemy of the ants. This microsporidian (Section 23.4) is a parasite that infects ants and shrinks the ovaries of the colony's egg-producing female (the queen). As a result, a colony dwindles in numbers and eventually dies out. Are these biological controls useful against imported fire ants? To find out, USDA scientists treated infested areas with either traditional pesticides or pesticides plus biological controls (both flies and the parasite). The scientists left some plots untreated as controls. FIGURE 45.28 shows the results. FIGURE 45.28 A comparison of two methods of controlling red imported fire ants. The graph shows numbers of imported fire ants over a 28-month period Orange triangles represent untreated control plots. Green circles are plots treated with pesticides alone Black squares are plots treated with pesticide and biological control agents (phorid flies along with a microsporidian parasite). 3. If this study had ended after the first year, would you conclude that biological controls had a major effect?
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