Question 12: Vertebrate stomach acid production provides an example of which of the following?1. Stomach acid secretions is not under the regulation of hormones2. Multiple hormones regulate the release of HCl in an antagonistic manner3. A coincidence model of hormone regulation of a physiological process with positive and negative feedback4. That proteins are the same in all animalsQuestion 13: The presence of unique invertebrate peptide hormones controlling GI physiology is indicative of what?2. Invertebrates eat vertebrates3. GI physiology is the same, but simpler4. The invertebrate GI tract is a much simpler structure than the vertebrate GI tract5. All of the above are correct reasons why there exists unique invertebrate hormonescontrolling the GI tractQuestion 14: Ghrelin...1. Is an orexic agent2. Has an unusual structure with addition of n-octanol acid at a serine3. Expression is increased by fasting4. Has effects in the CNS in addition to its effects in the GI tract5. Has all of the effects listed aboveQuestion 15: Given that somatostatin (SS) has different effects in the Gi tract by working through different receptors, does this mean that all of these processes must occur at the same time?1. Yes, it does2. Not, it doesn’t because SS is produced in different tissues and is quickly cleared from theblood3. Yes, it does but this is attenuated by the pulsatile release of SS from the pituitary4. No, it doesn’t because SS has a blood binding protein that determines binding to itsreceptorQuestion 16: Somatostatin is not accurately described by which of the following statements?1. It suppresses the release of hormones that regulate the invertebrate gut 1. Vertebrate and invertebrate GI physiology is not identical and there is a 560 million-year-gap since the last common ancestor with vertebrates 2. It decrease vertebrate blood flow to the gut3. It inhibits the release of insulin by the pancreas4. In the anterior pituitary, it inhibits release of GH, TSH, and prolactin from the pituitary5. It decreases vertebrate gut motilityQuestion 17: Which of the following statements best describes the reason(s) why insulin represents the oldest phylogenetic hormone group in vertebrates?1. It’s because it binds to the RTKase2. It’s because insulin is composed of an alpha and beta chain, which is very rare amongsthormones3. It’s because it is clustered next to the gene for tyrosine hydroxylase in all vertebrates4. It’s because insulin is the only known hypoglycemic hormoneQuestion 18: Why is there no apparent insulin gain-of-function mutations leading to control of different physiology other than hypoglycemia in vertebrates?1. That is because the insulin gene is syntenic with genes critical for respiration in vertebrates and any mutations would be lethal2. That is because the insulin gene is on chromosome 11 in mammals, a chromosome that never undergoes duplication3. That is because any mutations in insulin sequence are lethal4. That is because insulin controls the critical function of driving glucose into cells frombloodQuestion 19: What is unique about the evolution of Insulin-like peptides in invertebrates?1. The downstream effector pathways for insulin are different in vertebrates andinvertebrates2. There are only 4 insulin-like peptide genes in invertebrates compared to 40 in vertebrates3. Invertebrates only have one version of the insulin receptor while vertebrates have over 40versionsQuestion 20: Which statement about insulin evolution is false?2. Invertebrates insulin-like peptides have a higher degree of sequence variability than vertebrate insulin-like peptides3. There are many more insulin-like peptides in invertebrates than vertebrates4. The ancestral insulin gene predates the break between vertebrates and invertebrates5. There are far more invertebrate insulin-like peptide receptors than found in vertebrates

Question

Question 12: Vertebrate stomach acid production provides an example of which of the following?1. Stomach acid secretions is not under the regulation of hormones2. Multiple hormones regulate the release of HCl in an antagonistic manner3. A coincidence model of hormone regulation of a physiological process with positive and negative feedback4. That proteins are the same in all animalsQuestion 13: The presence of unique invertebrate peptide hormones controlling GI physiology is indicative of what?2. Invertebrates eat vertebrates3. GI physiology is the same, but simpler4. The invertebrate GI tract is a much simpler structure than the vertebrate GI tract5. All of the above are correct reasons why there exists unique invertebrate hormonescontrolling the GI tractQuestion 14: Ghrelin...1. Is an orexic agent2. Has an unusual structure with addition of n-octanol acid at a serine3. Expression is increased by fasting4. Has effects in the CNS in addition to its effects in the GI tract5. Has all of the effects listed aboveQuestion 15: Given that somatostatin (SS) has different effects in the Gi tract by working through different receptors, does this mean that all of these processes must occur at the same time?1. Yes, it does2. Not, it doesn’t because SS is produced in different tissues and is quickly cleared from theblood3. Yes, it does but this is attenuated by the pulsatile release of SS from the pituitary4. No, it doesn’t because SS has a blood binding protein that determines binding to itsreceptorQuestion 16: Somatostatin is not accurately described by which of the following statements?1. It suppresses the release of hormones that regulate the invertebrate gut     1. Vertebrate and invertebrate GI physiology is not identical and there is a 560 million-year-gap since the last common ancestor with vertebrates       2. It decrease vertebrate blood flow to the gut3. It inhibits the release of insulin by the pancreas4. In the anterior pituitary, it inhibits release of GH, TSH, and prolactin from the pituitary5. It decreases vertebrate gut motilityQuestion 17: Which of the following statements best describes the reason(s) why insulin represents the oldest phylogenetic hormone group in vertebrates?1. It’s because it binds to the RTKase2. It’s because insulin is composed of an alpha and beta chain, which is very rare amongsthormones3. It’s because it is clustered next to the gene for tyrosine hydroxylase in all vertebrates4. It’s because insulin is the only known hypoglycemic hormoneQuestion 18: Why is there no apparent insulin gain-of-function mutations leading to control of different physiology other than hypoglycemia in vertebrates?1. That is because the insulin gene is syntenic with genes critical for respiration in vertebrates and any mutations would be lethal2. That is because the insulin gene is on chromosome 11 in mammals, a chromosome that never undergoes duplication3. That is because any mutations in insulin sequence are lethal4. That is because insulin controls the critical function of driving glucose into cells frombloodQuestion 19: What is unique about the evolution of Insulin-like peptides in invertebrates?1. The downstream effector pathways for insulin are different in vertebrates andinvertebrates2. There are only 4 insulin-like peptide genes in invertebrates compared to 40 in vertebrates3. Invertebrates only have one version of the insulin receptor while vertebrates have over 40versionsQuestion 20: Which statement about insulin evolution is false?2. Invertebrates insulin-like peptides have a higher degree of sequence variability than vertebrate insulin-like peptides3. There are many more insulin-like peptides in invertebrates than vertebrates4. The ancestral insulin gene predates the break between vertebrates and invertebrates5. There are far more invertebrate insulin-like peptide receptors than found in vertebrates

Accepted Answer

*Answer to Question 12* The regulation of the generation of stomach acid in vertebrates is the topic…