Please help Why did we use biodegradable nanoparticles?Please use The worksheet below and don’t copy and paste from Google thank you AbstractDid you know that the cell copies 50 nucleotides (letters ofDNA code) per second when it is dividing? And it only makesone mistake per 100 million nucleotides! That's like copyingthe full 32 volumes of Encyclopedia Britannica twelve timesand only making one typo!Most times even these mistakes are caught and fixed. Butsometimes a mutation (mistake in the code) gets passedon. In eggs and sperm that means an unborn baby will getone bad copy of that gene.IntroductionImagine you misspelled one letter of one word on anassignment, and the teacher gave you a 0% for the wholething. Not fair!But this is what happens in diseases like B-thalassemia. Justone of the nucleotides in the DNA code for a gene is copiedwrong, and yet the molecule that gene is supposed to makecan't do what it needs to.B-thalassemia is a blood disorder. People with this diseasecannot produce hemoglobin, the molecule in red blood cellsthat carries oxygen through the blood.We would like to fix the section of their DNA. Then theycould produce the oxygen-carrying molecule on their own!This is called genetic editing. If we correct the bad letter ofthe DNA code we can cure a person for life!That's very difficult, though: bodies are very good atdestroying the molecules we use to do genetic editing. Mostof the time this is a very good thing. Outside of the lab,In most cases, even this is okay. The baby is a carrier ofa bad copy of the gene, but often the good copy from theother parent will work well enough. In rare cases, though,a baby may receive a bad copy from both parents. Thismeans they will have a genetic disease.There are several diseases that are caused by a singlenucleotide mutation. Scientists have always wanted to usegenetic editing to correct the bad part of the gene. Wefound a way to do it in real, live mice!Fig. 1. A dose-up of our nanoparticles inside a babymouse's blood vessels. Here they carry a fluorescentmolecule. They're so bright because they are loaded withlots of molecules, but they're still so small that they cantravel through the tiniest blood vessels!(See the full video on our website!)most unfamiliar molecules are from a virus or infection.But it makes our job very hard.We thought we could solve this problem using nanoparticles. MethodsWhat do we need to genetically edit DNA?Essentially we need just three components:A donor DNA with the correct sequence - it serves as atemplate. We want the cell to use this correct sequenceto replace the mutated section of the gene.(2) An editor molecule. This molecule physically breaks theDNA backbone of the mutated gene and inserts thedonor DNA in its place.3. A specificity molecule. This molecule tells the editormolecule exactly where the DNA strand needs to be cutfor our donor DNA to get added.The editor molecule makes permanent changes to DNA. We needa very accurate one, or we might create new mutations! So wedecided to use the safest editor molecule out there: the cell'sown DNA repair molecules. The native DNA repair molecules candetect unusual structures, and swap in the donor DNA to fix them.But we also had to pick the right specificity molecule. Peptidenudeic acids (PNAS) bind to double-stranded DNA to make astrange-looking triple-stranded PNA-DNA segment, which isrecognized by the native DNA repair molecules.Lastly, we needed to pick the right kind of vehicle to deliver ourediting molecules. We decided to use a biodegradable polymernanoparticle that is known to break down to safe naturalmolecules after its job is done.DNA replication is the fastest in fetal (unborn) animals, so wedecided to genetically edit mice in utero (before their birth). Wethen injected the donor DNA and PNA-loaded nanopartides intofetal mice with the ß-thalassemia mutation and waited for theresults!Fig. 2. Hemoglobin levels of micewith B-thalassemia. Untreatedmice (black boxes) have lowlevels, while mice treated with ourPNA-nanopartides (blue boxes)have levels in the normal range.(The shaded area marks thenormal range of hemoglobin forhealthy mice.)161412006Legend:No treatmentPNA/Nanoparticle treatmentHemoglobin concentration (grams/deciliter)Low hemoglobin Normal rangeHOH6 weeks10 weeksDid you know that this type of plot is called "boxand whisker"? It is a graphical representation of a rangeof data points. The box represents the middle half of thevalues (if you were to line all the values up in order, from 14to 34 of the way through), and the whiskers show the fullrange of the data values.

Question

Please help Why did we use biodegradable nanoparticles?Please use The worksheet below and don’t copy and paste from Google thank you AbstractDid you know that the cell copies 50 nucleotides (letters ofDNA code) per second when it is dividing? And it only makesone mistake per 100 million nucleotides! That's like copyingthe full 32 volumes of Encyclopedia Britannica twelve timesand only making one typo!Most times even these mistakes are caught and fixed. Butsometimes a mutation (mistake in the code) gets passedon. In eggs and sperm that means an unborn baby will getone bad copy of that gene.IntroductionImagine you misspelled one letter of one word on anassignment, and the teacher gave you a 0% for the wholething. Not fair!But this is what happens in diseases like B-thalassemia. Justone of the nucleotides in the DNA code for a gene is copiedwrong, and yet the molecule that gene is supposed to makecan't do what it needs to.B-thalassemia is a blood disorder. People with this diseasecannot produce hemoglobin, the molecule in red blood cellsthat carries oxygen through the blood.We would like to fix the section of their DNA. Then theycould produce the oxygen-carrying molecule on their own!This is called genetic editing. If we correct the bad letter ofthe DNA code we can cure a person for life!That's very difficult, though: bodies are very good atdestroying the molecules we use to do genetic editing. Mostof the time this is a very good thing. Outside of the lab,In most cases, even this is okay. The baby is a carrier ofa bad copy of the gene, but often the good copy from theother parent will work well enough. In rare cases, though,a baby may receive a bad copy from both parents. Thismeans they will have a genetic disease.There are several diseases that are caused by a singlenucleotide mutation. Scientists have always wanted to usegenetic editing to correct the bad part of the gene. Wefound a way to do it in real, live mice!Fig. 1. A dose-up of our nanoparticles inside a babymouse's blood vessels. Here they carry a fluorescentmolecule. They're so bright because they are loaded withlots of molecules, but they're still so small that they cantravel through the tiniest blood vessels!(See the full video on our website!)most unfamiliar molecules are from a virus or infection.But it makes our job very hard.We thought we could solve this problem using nanoparticles. MethodsWhat do we need to genetically edit DNA?Essentially we need just three components:A donor DNA with the correct sequence - it serves as atemplate. We want the cell to use this correct sequenceto replace the mutated section of the gene.(2) An editor molecule. This molecule physically breaks theDNA backbone of the mutated gene and inserts thedonor DNA in its place.3. A specificity molecule. This molecule tells the editormolecule exactly where the DNA strand needs to be cutfor our donor DNA to get added.The editor molecule makes permanent changes to DNA. We needa very accurate one, or we might create new mutations! So wedecided to use the safest editor molecule out there: the cell'sown DNA repair molecules. The native DNA repair molecules candetect unusual structures, and swap in the donor DNA to fix them.But we also had to pick the right specificity molecule. Peptidenudeic acids (PNAS) bind to double-stranded DNA to make astrange-looking triple-stranded PNA-DNA segment, which isrecognized by the native DNA repair molecules.Lastly, we needed to pick the right kind of vehicle to deliver ourediting molecules. We decided to use a biodegradable polymernanoparticle that is known to break down to safe naturalmolecules after its job is done.DNA replication is the fastest in fetal (unborn) animals, so wedecided to genetically edit mice in utero (before their birth). Wethen injected the donor DNA and PNA-loaded nanopartides intofetal mice with the ß-thalassemia mutation and waited for theresults!Fig. 2. Hemoglobin levels of micewith B-thalassemia. Untreatedmice (black boxes) have lowlevels, while mice treated with ourPNA-nanopartides (blue boxes)have levels in the normal range.(The shaded area marks thenormal range of hemoglobin forhealthy mice.)161412006Legend:No treatmentPNA/Nanoparticle treatmentHemoglobin concentration (grams/deciliter)Low hemoglobin Normal rangeHOH6 weeks10 weeksDid you know that this type of plot is called &#34;boxand whisker&#34;? It is a graphical representation of a rangeof data points. The box represents the middle half of thevalues (if you were to line all the values up in order, from 14to 34 of the way through), and the whiskers show the fullrange of the data values.

Accepted Answer

Biodegradable Nanoparticles (BNPs) are basically particles with matter of interest (such as gene…

Please help Why did we use biodegradable nanoparticles? Please use The worksheet below and don’t copy and paste from Google thank you