Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.In the framework of the Grossman model, an individual’s level of health is completely controlled by her actions. Thus, in any given period, an individual is unconstrained in her choice of health status.
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Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.
In the framework of the Grossman model, an individual’s level of health is completely controlled by her actions. Thus, in any given period, an individual is unconstrained in her choice of health status.
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- In what sense is the individual considered a “producer” of health in the Grossman model?One of the most robust, fundamental “facts” of health economics is the SES and health gradient. a) Define the SES and health gradient. b) Give three ways in which the SES and health gradient is robust. c) Provide evidence that some of the gradient is correlational (i.e., give a potential confounder) and evidence that the gradient is in fact causal. d) i. Give an interpretation of Figure 1 below in layperson terms. ii. What pattern do you see for men vs women? iii. “The education and mortality gradient does not depend on healthcare spending or whether the country has universal healthcare.” Use Figure 1 to support or refute this claim.Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.In real life, investments in health can generate long-lasting benefits, but the Grossman model neglects this aspect of health.
- Describe Grossman's Improvement Model of Health. How does Grossman reconcile health as both something in demand and something produced by individuals?Show how a consumer would choose between medical care and health(y) behavior activities using the graphical representation of the consumer choice model (assume that “amounts” of healthy behavior have “costs” or prices).While it may seem intuitively obvious that health expenditures will increase as a population age – older people, after all, are less healthy on average than younger people – in fact, several prominent health economists have argued that it is not ageing per se, but rather some of the correlates of an ageing population that cause health expenditures to rise as population ages. For instance, Getzen (1992) argues that, at least in part, rising health expenditures with an ageing population are due to the higher incomes and resources of the older population; health care is a normal good, so higher incomes lead to higher expenditures. In a similar manner, Zweifel et al. (1999) argue that the real problem with an ageing population, at least as far as health care costs are concerned, is that there will be more people who are within a couple of years of dying. Since health care expenditures rise sharply close to the end of life, it is this, rather than population ageing by itself, that leads to…
- Medicare recipients can purchase supplemental private insurance (known as Medigap insurance) to fill the gap in coverage left by Medicare. This gap includes copayments, deductibles, and prescription drug expenses not covered by Medicare. Several years ago, the government enacted regulations that specify minimum standards for items that Medigap policies must cover. This made the policies more expensive, and as a consequence, about 25 percent of the elderly who would have purchased some Medi-gap insurance purchased none at all [Finkelstein, 2004]. Consider an individual who consumes two goods, "insurance" and "all other goods." The cost of a unit of Medigap insurance is $1, as is the cost of a unit of all other goods. Sketch a budget constraint and set of indifference curves that are consistent with the following scenario: In an unregulated market, an individual with a $30,000 income purchases $5,000 worth of Medigap insurance. The government then puts mandates on Medigap policies that…In the framework of the Grossman model, suppose there is an increase in the return in alternate non-health market investments. Draw what happens to the MEC curve and the optimal level of health. Explain intuitively why this might be the case in reality.Indicate whether each statement is true or false, and justify your answer.The goal of health policy is to maximize health, wealth, and equity.
- While it may seem intuitively obvious that health expenditures will increase as a population ages – older people after all are less healthy on average than younger people in fact, several prominent health economists have argued that it is not aging per se, but rather some of the correlates of an aging population that cause health expenditures to rise as a population ages. For instance, Getzen (1992) argues that, at least in part, rising health expenditures with an aging population are due to the higher incomes and resources of the older population; health care is a normal good, so higher incomes lead to higher expenditures. In a similar manner, Zweifel et al. (1999) argue that the real problem with an aging population, at least as far as health care costs are concerned, is that there will be more people who are within a couple of years of dying. Since health care expenditures rise sharply close to the end of life, it is this, rather than population aging by itself, that leads to higher…True or false? According to the Grossman model, if a new drug were discovered that eliminated the steady deterioration of health that accompanies aging – but does not eliminate sudden events like heart attacks or being hit by a bus – then the demand for jelly donuts, french fries, and physical activity in the presence of buses would decline. Justify your answer.Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.In the Grossman model, the marginal efficiency of investment in health care declines as health improves.
