In humans, four different blood types (A, B, AB, and O) are encoded by three alleles 1. I. and & Individuals with both 1 and 1 alleles have blood type AB (red blood cells with both A and B antigens). Two copies of the / allele are required for an individual to have blood type O (red blood cells with no antigens). Which of the following correctly indicates the relationship between the I and / alleles for the blood type gene? Select one: OA. I is dominant to / OB. I is recessive to i OC. I and / are co-dominant OD. 1 and/ exemplify incomplete dominance

In humans, four different blood types (A, B, AB, and O) are encoded by three alleles 1. I. and & Individuals with both 1 and 1 alleles have blood type AB (red blood cells with both A and B antigens). Two copies of the / allele are required for an individual to have blood type O (red blood cells with no antigens). Which of the following correctly indicates the relationship between the I and / alleles for the blood type gene? Select one: OA. I is dominant to / OB. I is recessive to i OC. I and / are co-dominant OD. 1 and/ exemplify incomplete dominance

Name: In humans, four different blood types (A, B, AB, and O) are encoded b
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Description: In humans, four different blood types (A, B, AB, and O) are encoded by three alleles 1,1, and i Individuals with both I and I alleles have blood type AB (red blood cells withboth A and B antigens). Two copies of the i allele are required for an indi

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter15: Genomes And Genomics

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1QP: The gene controlling ABO blood type and the gene underlying nail-patella syndrome are said to show...

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Several genes in humans in addition to the ABO gene(I) give rise to recognizable antigens on the surface ofred blood cells. The MN and Rh genes are two examples. The Rh locus can contain either a positive or anegative allele, with positive being dominant to negative. M and N are codominant alleles of the MN gene.The following chart shows several mothers and theirchildren. For each mother-child pair, choose the fatherof the child from among the males in the right column, assuming one child per male.Mother Child Malesa. O M Rh(pos) B MN Rh(neg) O M Rh(neg)b. B MN Rh(neg) O N Rh(neg) A M Rh(pos)c. O M Rh(pos) A M Rh(neg) O MN Rh(pos)d. AB N Rh(neg) B MN Rh(neg) B MN Rh(pos)
α-thalassemia is another blood disorder in which abnormal hemoglobin molecules are formed, leading to anemia. One mutant allele known to cause α-thalassemia occurs in α-hemoglobin and is called Constant Spring. Normal α-hemoglobin is 141 amino acids long, while the Constant Spring protein is 172 amino acids long. Include answers to both A and B in your response. A maximum of 2 sentences per part. A) Explain how a frameshift mutation in the coding region of α-hemoglobin could result in the Constant Spring protein. B) Explain how a single base-substitution mutation in the coding region of α-hemoglobin could result in the Constant Spring protein.
Several genes in humans in addition to the ABO gene () give rise to recognizable antigens on the surface of the red blood cells. The Rh marker is determined by positive (R) and negative alleles () of gene R, where R is completely dominant to r. The presence of M and N surface proteins are controlled by two codominant alleles of gene L (LM and LM. For each mother-child pair, choose the father of the child from among the males in the right column. (Assume that all mothers and fathers are HH; there is no involvement of the Bombay phenotype.) Paternal genotypes maybe used once, more than once, or not at all. Each mother-child pair matches with one or more than one paternal genotype. Maternal phenotype: Child phenotype: Paternal genotype: Reset A, M, Rh(neg) O, M, Rh(pos) B, N, Rh(neg) O, N, Rh(pos) O, M, Rh(neg) A, MN, Rh(pos) A, N, Rh(pos) AB, MN, Rh(pos) B, N, Rh(pos) A, MN, Rh(neg) Genotypes of possible fathers AiLMLN rr BiLMLN RR ii LNLN rr ii LMLM rr AALMLN RR
Spherocytosis is an inherited blood disease in whichthe erythrocytes (red blood cells) are spherical insteadof biconcave. This condition can be inherited in adominant fashion, with ANK1 (the nonfunctional mutant allele) dominant to ANK1+. In people with spherocytosis, the spleen recognizes the spherical redblood cells as defective and removes them from thebloodstream, leading to anemia. The spleen in different people removes the spherical erythrocytes withdifferent efficiencies. Some people with sphericalerythrocytes suffer severe anemia and some mild anemia, yet others have spleens that function so poorly nosymptoms of anemia exist at all. When 2400 peoplewith the genotype ANK1 ANK1+ were examined, itwas found that all of them had spherical erythrocytes,2250 had anemia of varying severity, and 150 had nosymptoms. (Assume that ANK1 ANK1 homozygotesdo not exist.)a. Does this description of people with spherocytosisrepresent incomplete penetrance, variable expressivity, or both? Explain…
Blood types in humans are caused by a combination of two of three possible alleles - IA, IB, and i. The i allele is recessive and individuals homozygous for this allele have blood types O. Blood type A may be due to either homozygous condition or the IA i Blood type AB is caused by having a copy of both the IA and IB alleles. Rh factor is another “marker” on human red blood cells and is either positive (dominant—RR or Rr) or negative (recessive—rr). Franks has blood type A-negative. Frank’s father is B-positive and his mother is AB-positive. Frank marries Susan, a woman that is B-positive. Susan’s mother is A-negative and her father is AB-positive. Give the genotype of all of the individuals mentioned above. b. Give the genotypes and phenotypes of the possible offspring from this marriage
Spherocytosis is an inherited blood disease in which erythrocytes (red blood cells) are spherical instead of biconcave. This condition is inherited in a dominant fashion, with ANK1 (the nonfunctional mutant allele) dominant to ANK1+. In people with spherocytosis, the spleen recognizes the spherical red blood cells as defective and removes them from the bloodstream, leading to anemia; this removal occurs with different efficiency in different people. Some people with spherical erythrocytes suffer severe anemia, some have mild anemia, and others do not have any symptoms of anemia. When 2400 people with the genotype ANK1/ANK1+ were examined, it was found that all of them had spherical erythrocytes, 2250 had anemia of varying severity, and 150 had no anemia symptoms. The ANK1/ANK1 genotype is never observed. Which evidence suggests that spherocytosis is incompletely penetrant?
Sickle cell anemia is an inheritable red blood cell disorder that results in sickle-shaped red blood cells. The sickle-shaped red blood cells can stick to blood vessel walls and cause a blockage or slow the movement of blood throughout the body. Individuals who are heterozygous produce both normal and sickle-shaped red blood cells which gives them resistance to malaria but they do not develop sickle cell anemia (so heterozygotes are unaffected on the pedigree).Let HbS be the allele for sickle cell anemia and let HbA be the allele for normal red blood cells. Which of the following rows provides the correct genotypes for individuals I-2, I-4, II-1, and III-1? Select one: a. I-2 I-4 II-1 III-1 HbA_ HbAHbS HbAHbS HbA_ b. I-2 I-4 II-1 III-1 HbA_ HbAHbS HbAHbS HbAHbS c. I-2 I-4 II-1 III-1 HbAHbS HbAHbS HbAHbS HbAHbS d. I-2 I-4 II-1 III-1 HbAHbA HbAHbA HbAHbA HbAHbA
The A and B antigens in humans may be found in water-soluble form in secretions,including saliva, of some individuals (Se/Se and Se/se) but not in others (se/se). The populationthus contains “secretors” and “nonsecretors.”(a) Determine the proportion of various phenotypes (blood type and ability to secrete) in matingsbetween individuals that are blood type AB and type O, both of whom are Se/se.(b) How will the results of such matings change if both parents are heterozygous for the genecontrolling the synthesis of the H substance (Hh)?
Sickle cell anemia follows a single-gene pattern of inheritance, with two alleles: one allele (S) produces normal hemoglobin, and the other (s) produces abnormal hemoglobin. Describe the phenotype outcome for each of the three possible genotypes (SS, Ss and ss), with regard to sickle cell anemia and malaria.
Sickle cell anemia is caused by an individual carrying two recessive copies of the hemoglobin gene (hemoglobin gene is labeled Hb, and the recessive version is Hbs). Thus, to have sickle cell anemia, a person must have the genotype HbSHbS. A person that is HbAHbA carries two copies of the normal hemoglobin gene and does not have sickle cell anemia. A person that is heterozygous (HbAHbS) produces enough normal hemoglobin to not have sickle cell anemia but is also resistant to malaria. People that are heterozygous are called “carriers” because they carry the recessive allele but do not express the recessive phenotype. a. A couple are both resistant to malaria but do not have sickle cell anemia. Draw a Punnett square to represent this cross. b. What is the probability that the couple has three children where one child does not have a recessive allele, one child is resistant to malaria and does not have sickle cell anemia, and one child has sickle cell anemia?
Alpha thalassemia is a hereditary blood condition that results in varying levels of anemia. It is tied to the HB alpha 1 gene and the HB alpha 2 gene on human chromosome 16. The diagram shows the proteins for the hemoglobin genes and the pedigree shows genotypes, designated by the letter X, on the chromosomes for a family affected by the condition. Which represents the predicted level of anemia in a child born to the mother and father in the image with a mutation that results in a genotype of xxxx? Why? A - mild anemia because the loss of 4 genes would equal the loss of the 4 proteins needed for normal alpha hemoglobin B - severe anemia because the loss of 4 genes would equal the loss of the 4 proteins needed for normal alpha hemoglobin C - mild anemia because the addition of 4 genes would produce too many of the proteins needed for normal alpha hemoglobin D - severe anemia because the addition of 4 genes would produce too many of the proteins needed for normal alpha hemoglobin
Sickle-cell disease (often called sickle-cell anemia) is a disease that is caused by a mutation to the gene that is responsible for producing the protein hemoglobin. Remember that hemoglobin is a protein in the red blood cells which is responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. When a person possesses the mutated hemoglobin allele, their red blood cells take on an altered shape and this results in a variety of symptoms ranging from general weakening of the body, damage to the organs and even death. The sickle cell allele is recessive to the healthy allele, thus only individuals that are homozygous for the recessive allele will have sickle-cell disease. Individuals that are homozygous for the healthy allele, along with heterozygous, individuals will be physically healthy. Question: Given that this mutated allele will cause disease and death in individuals, what would you predict to occur to the frequency of this allele in the population? Explain.