I need a simple explanation of what PFK1 and PFK2 do in glycolysis? And what FBPase1 and FBPase2 do in gluconeogenesis?
Q: Why does it make good metabolic sense for phosphoenolpyruvate carbox- ykinase, rather than pyruvate…
A: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase is an enzyme in the family of carboxy-lyases found in plants and…
Q: Please help me, short explanation will do... Discuss briefly but concisely the importance of the…
A: In the living cell, the biochemicals are constantly synthesized and transformed into other…
Q: Can you explain the oxidation phosphorylation process and its protein complexes? Thank you!
A: Mitochondria are the cell organelles responsible for the production of energy in the cell. They take…
Q: What is the simplest explanation in the notion that phosphofructokinase is a regulated enzyme?
A: Phosphofructokinase regulated by ATP, an ADp derivative called AMP, and citrate, as well as some…
Q: What effect will an increase in oxaloacetate in mitochondria have on fatty acid biosynthesis? (b)…
A: Fatty acid biosynthesis occurs through condensation of C2 units, the reverse of fatty acid…
Q: What is the function of the kinase associated with the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
A: Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is a complex of three enzymes that converts pyruvate into…
Q: Please explain the concept of a "feed-forward" mechanism and provide an example of this in the…
A: In a feed-forward activation, a metabolite produced early in the pathway activates the enzyme that…
Q: Why is AMP and not ADP the positive regulator of phosphofructokinase?
A: Metabolic pathways are defined as the set of chemical reactions occurring in the body. Metabolic…
Q: Which enzyme catalyzes a freely reversible reaction? Pyruvate dehydrogenase Aconitase…
A: The citric acid cycle enzymes are membrane proteins present in the matrix of the mitochondria except…
Q: What is the name of the by-product of anaerobic glycolysis that can lead to muscle fatigue and why…
A: A muscle refers to a group of muscle tissue that contracts to generate force. The failure in the…
Q: What are the two most important carriers in one-carbonmetabolism? Give two examples of processes in…
A: These are the interlinking pathways that require methionine and folate.
Q: If the malate-aspartate shuttle is inhibited under aerobic conditions, then lactate production…
A: Energy must be supplied to the cell continuously so that the cell maintains the functions and…
Q: /hat is the key enzyme of glycolysis which catalyzes the production of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate…
A: Glycolysis is the first process in respiration. It involves the partial oxidation of glucose to…
Q: The PDH mechanism coenzyme that plays a direct role in the generation of acetyl CoA is NADH…
A: PDH means pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. This enzyme has three subunits named pyruvate…
Q: CHOOSE THE CORRECT LETTER There are four enzymes of gluconeogenesis that circumvent the…
A: Gluconeogenesis is synthesis of glucose from pyruvate.
Q: What are the effects of Glucose-6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency? Explain its mechanism of…
A: Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase is an important Enzyme of redox metabolism in RBC in which it…
Q: What are the differences between B-oxidation in mitochon- dria and in peroxisomes? What similarities…
A: Beta-oxidation is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down, producing…
Q: Identify the 4 steps of gluconeogenesis that are different from glycolysis. Write the reactants,…
A: Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain…
Q: Considering the evidence that led Krebs to propose a cyclic pathway for oxidation of pyruvate,…
A: Introduction: Metabolically plants and animals are different in several metabolic stages. Plants…
Q: How many GTP, NADH, and FADH2 are produced from each acetyl coa undergoing krebs cycle?
A: The citric acid cycle also known as the TCA cycle or the Krebs cycle is a series of chemical…
Q: Why does it make metabolic sense for UTP to inhibit carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II, whereas ATP…
A: Feedback inhibition is a cellular control mechanism in which the activity of the enzyme is inhibited…
Q: What does the term “oxidative phosphorylation” mean? What is substrate-level phosphorylation? Are…
A: Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions which takes place in the cells to covert…
Q: Briefly describe the fate of pyruvate in metabolism under anaerobic versus aerobic conditions
A: Aerobic glycolysis occurs in presence of oxygen where oxidation of glucose takes place and converted…
Q: How do the KM values for glucokinase and hexokinase reflect their roles in sugar metabolism?
A: The Km value is the Michalis constant, which determines the affinity of the enzyme with the inverse…
Q: During glycolysis, the major energy generating step involves: pyruvate kinase…
A: Glycolysis is the primary metabolic reaction occurring in living cells that helps to break the…
Q: Most of the middle steps of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis are easily reversible and therefore hard to…
A: Glycolysis is the metabolic process by which glucose is broken down, while gluconeogenesis is the…
Q: What is the key enzyme of glycolysis which catalyzes the production of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate?…
A: Here phosphofructokinase a key enzyme catalyse the production of fructose 1,6- bisphosphonate. It…
Q: Why is citrate an appropriate inhibitor of phosphofructokinase?
A: Citrate allosterically inhibits phosphofructokinase by enhancing the inhibitory effect of ATP
Q: CH3CH2OH + NAD+ --> CH3CHO + NADH +H+ Explain how this reaction inhibits the production of pyruvate…
A: Ethanol is mostly consumed by humans, which gets metabolized readily in the liver. It is generally…
Q: Why is gluconeogenesis labeled as enzymatic by-pass reactions?
A: Glucose is a central carbohydrate in body. It is the instant energy generating molecule. Whenever…
Q: Considering the evidence that led Krebs to propose a cyclic pathway for oxidation of pyruvate,…
A: The glyoxylate cycle is a variation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle is an anabolic pathway occurring…
Q: How does aerobic glycolysis differ from anaerobic glycolysis? Why is anaerobic glycolysis not really…
A: cellular respiration include anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration
Q: Which of the following enzymes is the key regulatory step in glycolysis? Phosphofructiokinase-1 is…
A: Glycolysis is a series of reactions that break down glucose into two three-carbon molecules known as…
Q: What is considered as the principal enzyme for the regulation of glycogenesis?
A: The principle enzyme for the regulation of glycogenesis is - c. GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE.
Q: What is the advantage for some tumors to stop expressing the genes for glucose-6-phosphatase,…
A: Glucose-6-phosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and fructose bisphosphatase are the three…
Q: What is the key enzyme of glycolysis which catalyzes the production of fructose-1,6- bisphosphate?…
A: Glycolysis is a major pathway of glucose metabolism in which glucose is metabolized to pyruvate but…
Q: Is glycolysis catabolic or anabolic? Discuss the importance of glycolysis
A: Since you have asked multiple questions, we will answer only first question for you. In order to get…
Q: What are the three common possible fates for pyruvate produced from glycolysis?
A: Pyruvate is a significant substance compound in biochemistry. It is the yield of the metabolism of…
Q: Other than oxidative phosphorylation, what other metabolic pathway does "Complex 2" participate in?…
A: Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which ATP is synthesized as a result of electron…
Q: What is the advantage of activating pyruvate kinase with fructose-1,6-bisphosphate?
A: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate and hydrogen ion through…
Q: Starting with pyruvate (CH3COCOO—) as the precursor, the first step of gluconeogenesis is…
A: Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic process that results in the transformation of non-carbohydrate…
Q: What are the health implications of a deficiency of the enzyme, pyruvate decarboxylase?
A: The pyruvate decarboxylase enzyme is involved in the conversion of pyruvate to acetaldehyde. This…
Q: What are the coenzymes of El and E2 of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? Explain their roles and…
A: Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a complex of three enzymes that converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA…
Q: Considering the evidence that led Krebs to propose a cyclic pathway for oxidation of pyruvate,…
A: The Citric acid cycle, or the Tri-carboxylic acid cycle is commonly known as the Kreb's cycle, which…
Q: When undergoing strenuous exercise and the Cori Cycle is functioning, which of the following…
A: The Cori cycle was discovered by Carl Ferdinand Cory and Gerty Theresa Radnitz. This cycle functions…
Q: Although both hexokinase and phosphofructokinase catalyze irreversible steps in glycolysis and the…
A: In metabolic pathway such as glycolysis, there are the following enzymes such as hexokinase,…
Q: Why does it make good metabolic sense for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, rather than pyruvate…
A: Guconeogenesis is the process whereby glucose is formed from non-carbohydrate metabolic substrate…
Q: explain the difference between pyruvate carrier and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
A: Pyruvate refers to the conjugate base of pyruvic acid is an important intermediate in many metabolic…
Q: Why are the symptoms of carnitine palmitoyl transferase II deficiency more severe during fasting?
A: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT II) deficiency is a condition that prevents the body from…
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- Is GAPDH only a glycolytic enzyme? What are the other physiological functions of GAPDH?b) Following this experiment, you would like to elucidate the mechanism of action of pyruvate kinase. Unfortunately, the crystal structure of pyruvate kinase is not available, which requires the enzyme to be modelled based on the available three-dimensional structures of related enzymes. Suggest a bioinformatics approach that can be conducted to perform this study.Upon careful analysis, you discover that mutation causes the patient's glucokinase to behave exactly like hexokinase (i.e. an increased affinity for glucose with decreased Km value and a decrease in the Vmax). Which of the following lines on the Lineweaver-Burk Plot (Figure 1) best represents the mutated enzyme compared to normal glucokinase? Explain. B Normal Glucokinase [V] 1 [S] Figure 1
- Will the amount of glycogen be higher or lower than normal or unchanged? Pyridoxal phosphate is covalently bonded to glycogen phosphorylase via a Schiff base to Lys 680. What effect would the mutation of Lys680Ala have on the breakdown of glycogen?(This notation means the following: K680 is the normal amino acid in this enzyme. It has been mutated to 680A.) Loss of the gene for the kinase that phosphorylates GSK3 on glycogen synthesis. Effect of the substrate analog below on glycogen synthesis.High [ATP] slows glycolysis and speeds of gluconeogenesis because (check all that apply): Pyruvate kinase is allosterically inhibited by low [ATP] PFK-1 is allosterically inhibited by low [ATP] FBPase-1 is inhibited by high [AMP] FBPase-1 is inhibited by low [AMP] Pyruvate kinase is allosterically inhibited by high [ATP] PFK-1 is allosterically inhibited by high [ATP]Many of the mechanisms involved in the regulation of glycogen metabolism involve covalent modification of enzymes. In particular, reversible phosphorylation/ dephosphorylation plays a central role.(a) Estimate the ΔG°′ for the dephosphorylation of phosphorylated Ser-14of glycogen phosphorylase (catalyzed by phosphoprotein phosphatase 1).Explain your reasoning.(b) Estimate the ΔG°′ for the phosphorylation of Ser-14 of glycogen phosphorylase by ATP (catalyzed by phosphorylase kinase). Explain yourreasoning.(c) Would you expect both reactions to be favorable under physiologicalconditions (i.e., to possess a negative ΔG)?
- Glycolysis is a degradative pathway of glucose.(a). Name the three (3) reactions that occur spontaneously in glycolysis(b). Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is the primary regulatory point of glycolysis andis regulated by substrate cycling. Explain substrate cycling with regard toPFK.(c). What is kinase enzyme reactions and name the four (4) kinase enzymereactions in the glycolysis.What would be the effect of the Glucagon initiated cascade on inhibition of ATP Synthase by IF1? Metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells correlates to an enhanced expression of IF1. What would be the effect on the TCA? Why might that lead to lactoacidosis?Why is it important that the hexokinase reaction have a large negative deltaG? Would the cell be able to generate/store energy if the deltaG were close to zero? The GAPDH reaction uses an active site cysteine to catalyze the reaction. How would replacing the cysteine by serine affect the reaction? Why do kinases require magnesium to function well?
- Phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM) catalyzes the interconversion of 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) and 2-phosphoglycerate (2PG) in the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. a) To what enzyme class does PGM belong? b) There are two distinct classes of PGM, one which is dependent on 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG), dPGM, and one which is not, iPGM. dPGM uses acid base chemistry and a phosphorylated histidine residue to interconvert 3PG and 2PG. The dPGM reaction proceeds with formation of 2,3-BPG as an intermediate. Propose a mechanism for the dPGM-catalyzed conversion of 3PG to 2PG that is consistent with this information. c) What is the purpose of 2,3-BPG (i.e., why does dPGM require it)?Steps 1 and 3 in glycolysis are catalyzed by [kinases/phosphatases] and the reversal of these enzymatic steps are catalyzed by [kinases/phosphatases] in gluconeogenesis. The pyruvate kinase step in glycolysis is reversed by two enzymes in gluconeogenesis, with the intermediate metabolite being shared between gluconeogenesis and [glycolysis/citric acid cycle]. The overall pathway of gluconeogenesis is thus [endergonic/exergonic]. Lactate dehydrogenase is [reversible/irreversible] which also has implications for which metabolites are glucogenic or not. help fill in the blanksWhy does it make metabolic sense for UTP to inhibit carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II, whereas ATP activates the enzyme?