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- Whether it's the glucose you learned about in cell biology for photosynthesis, or its crop sugars like sucrose and fructose, they all have the same chemical formula (shown below, C6H12O6) with minor structural differences. As you can see in the chemical equation below, the one-celled organism called "yeast" consumes 1 sugar molecule and produces two of the 2-carbon alcohol molecules (ethanol) and two molecules of carbon dioxide. Hopefully you learned this earlier of the phylum Ascomycota. [the in high school: yeast is a single-celled answer might surprise you! Try using what kind of an organism is yeast as your Google search term.] 20,H,OHaq) + 2CO, (be), yeast CH,O alaq) 2(aq) 12The oxidation of 1 mol of glucose supplies enough metabolic energy to form 36 mol of ATP. Oxidation of 1 mol of a typical dietary fat like tristearin (C57H116O6) yields enough energy toform 458 mol of ATP. How many molecules of ATP can form per gram of (a) glucose; (b) tristearin?Of course, one cannot stick a piece of tape to each carbon atom in the actual glucosemolecule. But one can do the next best thing: use radioisotopes to trace themovement of various atoms. Specifically, because carbon dioxide is a gas, usingradioactive C-14 allows for the easy detection of the 14CO2 that is given off.Suppose you introduce one glucose molecule that has had all of its carbons radioactivelylabeled. Suppose further that each step in glycolysis and in the citric acid cycle takes oneminute to complete (so glycolysis, for instance, takes ten minutes to complete, theconversion to acetyl CoA takes one minute, and the citric acid cycle takes eight minutes).Draw a plot of time (x-axis) versus radioactivity detected by a gas sensor (y-axis). Labelthe x-axis with enough time increments so it is clear at what minute the radioactivitywas detected. Use differing peak heights to give an indication of the amount ofradioactivity detected at that point.
- Which of the compounds shown below exhibit a high negative free energy of hydrolysis equal to or larger than the free energy of hydrolysis for the phosphoanhydride of ATP? (Choose all that apply) В Α HPΗ Ho HO HO H2N-CH-C CH2 H2N-CH-C CH2 CH2 H2N-CH-Ö CH2 C CH2 D E O A O B O E O=p-00 O=p-00 O=-00 O=0-00 O=L-00Which of the following best describes the principle demonstrated in the figure below? CH.OH H HO OH H A B Formation of a sucrose molecule from glucose and fructose с H/OH D OH CH₂OH HOCH. O H H HOH HO/CH.OH HO OH energy H OH H H₂ OH The production of biomolecules involves a hydrolysis reaction. Water is a fundamental by-product of all hydrolysis reactions. HOCH, O Н The production of blomolecules involves dehydration synthesis reactions. Sucrose molecules are the only biomolecules that store energy. H HO/CH.OH OH Н +H_OIn electron transfer, only the quinone portion of the ubiquinone undergoes oxidation-reduction; the isoprenoid side chain remains unchanged. What is the function of this chain?
- Why does ATP hydrolysis release so much energy? O Hydrolysis increases entropy through a gain in the possible resonance structures for Pi versus a terminal phosphate O Hydrolysis decreases entropy through a loss in the possible resonance structures for Pi versus a terminal phosphate O Hydrolysis decreases enthalpy through a loss in the possible resonance structures for Pi versus a terminal phosphate O Hydrolysis increases enthalpy through a gain in the possible resonance structures for Pi versus a terminal phosphateA medical student was studying the effect of glucose oxidase on glucose and fructose metabolism. He noticed the affect only with the glucose and no effect with fructose. Which ONE of the following property would explain his Indings? DStereo or optical specificity OBond specificity OAbsolute specificity OReaction specificity Group specificityWhich pathway is shown below? 1. ATP phosphorylates glucose to glucose 6-phosphate. 2. Glucose 6-phosphate isomerizes to fructose 6-phosphate 3. ATP phosphorylation fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. EMP Stage 1: Glucose 2 G3P CH,OH CH,OH C-0 CHOPO 4-5. Cleavage produced GP and DHAP which isomerizes to another 3 НО" HO! hexokinase 0-Glucose HO Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) Choose one: CH,OPO HO- phosphogucose isomerase OH a-Glucose 6-phosphate OH phosphofructokinase OH CH₂O CH₂OH PO POCHO ADP OH OH a-Fructose 6-phosphate ATP OH OH CHOPO B-Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate AHOTON CHLOPO Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) O A. TCA cycle OB. Glycolysis O C. Fermentation OD. Aromatic catabolism EMP Stage 2:2 G3P 2 Pyruvate Citycoraldehyde phosphate ROSTO krise H-C-DH olaca 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate NAD P phphucerade COPD. M CH-OPO KH HC OH erpolise ADP 3-Phosphoglycerate H piruvato ise ATP CHOPO CD, H-COPO, CH₂OH 2-Phosphoglycerate + H com C-O H.O CO, CHOPO H₂C Phosphoenolpyruvate…
- The following is the chemical structure of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides, a coenzyme commonly used in enzymatic reactions. Но 4 HO 0-P-0 *Na "O. `NH2 N 1 "OH H2N OH Which of the indicate regions is the site of the redox activity of this coenzyme? 2.How many moles of ATP could theoretically be synthesized under standard conditions using the energy of the photons in red light (λ = 700 nm).Which carbon(s) of glucose could be labelled with carbon-14 label in order to have the label end up at carbon-2 in 3-phosphoglycerate during glycolysis? Justify your answer using structures. Since this question is for practice, show ALL STRUCTURES involved from glucose to 3-phosphoglycerate, inclusive. No need to provide mechanisms; cofactors; names; etc. but please show the arrows appropriately as being an equilibrium or irreversible (one-way or two-way arrow). If necessary one- or two-word explanations can be included