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- The graph in Figure 3 represents the information complied over a 10-year period showing the development of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the changes in the number of T4 lymphocytes. Key HIV T4 cells --- 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Time/years FIGURE 3 Explain the differences seen in the graph between the numbers of T4 cells and HIV particles over the 10-year period. Suggest why suffers with AIDS may contract Tuberculosis (TB), even though they have been vaccinated against it. Suggest how the immune response plays a role in the following: • Infertility Allergic reactions Number of T4 cells (lymphocytes in blood) Number of HIV particlesThe figure shows the progress of an untreated HIV infection. Which curve represents the 800 600 concentration of helper T cells in the blood? 400 200 AS Years after untreated infection 9. 10 O None of the curves show helper T cell concentration. O curve C O curve A curve B15 16 The following graph shows a response to COVID-19. Source: What does this graph best demonstrate? A. B. C. D. A. B. C. Viral load D Innate https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(21)00007-6.pdf The response of a non-vaccinated person The response to a vaccine for COVID-19 The first and second exposure to COVID-19 The second exposure to COVID-19 Part Which of the following correctly identifies a part of the human ear and its function? Severe disease Tympanic membrane Auditory nerve Organ of Corti Semicircular canals Adaptive Antibodies T cells Function Receives vibrations from the ossicles and passes them on to the cochlea Transfers sound vibrations to the temporal lobe of the brain for processing Converts vibrations in the fluid of the cochlea into electrochemical signals Transfers vibrations from the ossicles to the cochlea
- 1) 286 individuals were newly diagnosed with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in 2018 in Minnesota. Of these individuals, 76% were male. HIV is an enveloped, ssRNA virus_ Baltimore classification VI. This virus targets CD4+ cells. CD4 refers to a glycoprotein which serves as a co-receptor for T-cells, located on T-helper and T-reg immune cells. a) What part of the HIV virus allows for specificity to CD4+ cells?with HIV, explain the mechanism of intracellular infection and the role of reverse transcriptase. What would you explain about the process? What is the significance of the CD4+ count? ( Discuss the meaning of various ranges of CD4 counts.) List 5 opportunistic infections AND describe data to suggest whether or not a patient has such an infection.The Ro of Ebola has been estimated to be somewhere between 1.5 and 2. See graphic below. The number of people that one sick person will infect (on average) is called R₂. Here are the maximum R, values for a few viruses. more contagious R₂- Hepatitis C (2) Ebola (2) HIV (4) SARS (4) Mumps (10) Measles (18) **** What percentage of the population would have to be vaccinated to stop the spread of Ebola if it were to be introduced to a new continent? a. 33-50% O b. >99% C. 75-99% d. 66-75% e. <33%
- HIV and AIDS: In April 2017, there were 629 new HIV antibody sero-positive individuals reported to the HIV/ AIDS & ART Registry of the Philippines (HARP). More than half were from the 25-34 year age group while 30% were youth aged 15-24 years. 33 adolescents aged 10-19 years were reported. All were infected through sexual contact (8 male-female sex, 19 male-male sex, 6 sex with both males & females). From January 1984 to April 2017, 1,606 (4%) of the reported cases were 19 years old and below. Seven percent (111 out of 1,606) were children (less than 10 y/o) and among them, 108 were infected through mother-to-child transmission, 1 through blood transfusion and 2 had no specified mode of transmission. Ninety three percent (1,495 out 1,606) were adolescents. Among these, 1,359 (91%) were male. Most (93%) of the adolescents were infected through sexual contact 185 male-female sex, 843 male-male sex, 367 sex with both males & females), 85 (6%) were infected through sharing of…The following are the stages in the development of cystic acne. Place them in order and indicate which one would happen fourth (fourth among the steps listed here, not necessarily a step that was numbered "4" in a textbook or slide figure) Sebum channels become blocked Pustules form and damage the dermis Propionibacterium acnes grows on sebum, forms free fatty acids that cause inflammation Neutrophils attracted, secrete enzymes damaging follicle wall Scar tissue formsSusceptibility/Predisposition to Infectious Disease Why is it that some people always seem to get the flu and others don't? Why are some individuals more susceptible to SARS CoV-2? 1) links between human genetic variation and susceptibility to a specific infectious disease (e.g., Neanderthal DNA and Covid), 2) link between aging and a specific infectious disease 3) links between stress, nutrition, or exercise and a specific infectious disease. Please be sure to mention: The factor you explored The disease(s) implicated How the factor affects susceptibility to disease (i.e., mechanism)
- Cite 3 critical differences between the genome and replication cycles of HIV and SARS-CoV-2. Explain how HIV interactions with the immune system differ from SARS-CoV-2. Discuss the possible mechanisms by which HIV causes a long-term chronic infection whereas Ebola infection is acute and often rapidly fatal.true or false? The genomic analysis found that SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the Betacoronavirus group, lineage B For people with COVID-19 disease, the infectious period begins 2 days before the start of signs and symptoms of disease and the end of the infectious period is defined as when it is at least 10 days after the onset of illnessOver the past year we have endured the Covid-19 pandemic. Accumulating evidence suggests that the host immunity response is contributing in severe forms COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 causes mild to severe illness with high morbidity and mortality, especially in preexisting risk groups. These immunologic reactions in severe COVID-19 may characterize the cytokine storm that is associated with untoward clinicopathological consequences. The cytokine storm is an out-of-control cytokine release that has been observed in some infectious and noninfectious diseases, leading to a hyperinflammation condition in the host. This immune response has been associated with a higher intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and mortality in COVID-19. In fact, higher concentrations of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP10), monocyte chemo-attractant protein 1 (MCP1), macrophage inflammatory protein…