During the _____ phase of digestion, blood glucose levels drop and our body must depend on stored energy. The sympathetic nervous system directs the pancreas to release glucagon, which causes glycogen to be transformed back into glucose. Glucagon also causes stored fat and glycogen to be released into the bloodstream. A) fasting B) exhaustion C) resistence
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- Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false. If false, correct the statement or provide a brief explanation for why it is a) The presence of lipids in the diet slows down digestion in the b) Insulin increases the rate of glucose uptake by the c) Glucagon is the hormone that signals low blood glucose d) Chylomicrons carry TAGs from the diet into the e) During fasting and starvation the liver produces ketone bodies which fuel the heart and f) The muscles can use glucose, fatty acids and ketone bodies for g) When glucose enters the cell it is immediately and reversibly h) Epinephrine stimulates breakdown of glycogen in muscles when there is an immediate need for energy by muscle i) Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis to maintain the blood glucose j) With high [carbohydrate] levels, excess glucose (after glycogen storage has reached a maximum) is converted to fat, leading to high [malonyl-CoA]. k) Malonyl-CoA inhibits carnitine acyltransferase II , thus slowing…Which of the following statements is true about brain metabolism in starvation? a) The brain can use glucogenic amino acids for energy b) The brain can only use glucose as fuel c) Up to a quarter of energy requirement of the brain can come from fatty acids d) Up to a half of energy requirement of the brain can come from ketone bodiesWhich of the following is NOT an enzyme secreted into the small intestine as an aid to chemical digestion: A) Bile B) Lipase D) Amylase
- The most common form of malnutrition in children in the world, kwashiorkor, is caused by a diet having ample calories but little protein. The high levels of carbohydrate result in high levels of insulin. What is the effect of high levels of insulin on (a) lipid utilization? (b) protein metabolism? (c) Children suffering from kwashiorkor often have large distended bellies caused by water from the blood leaking into extracellular spaces. Suggest a biochemical basis for this condition.Which of the following does (do) not occur during the fasting state? a) inhibition of lipolysis b) an increase in the concentration of albumin-bound fatty acids in the blood c) both a and b d) neither a nor bThere are several processes that take place from the moment food enters our mouth until it is completely digested and used for energy. Using approximately 400-500 words, describe in detail and in order of process the mechanical (stomach and intestine)and chemical (gastric acid and enzymes) digestion of eating a grilled chicken sandwich with mayonnaise, lettuce, and tomatoes. Note what role the pancreas, gallbladder, and liver play in digestion of the ingredients? From what ingredients is your body deriving its energy and how many basic calories from the macronutrients ingested? Include at least two scholarly references (using APA formatting and style) to guide your answers (note that you can use your textbook as one of your references).
- Glucose is the only carbohydrate that the brain can use for energy. Which pathway is mobilized to supply the need of the brain during starvation?: a.) glycolysis b.) gluconeogenesis or c.) glycogenesis? Explain.The following is a typical underlying factor in obesity-induced inflammation a) Increased secretion of the adipokine adiponectin b) Higher lipolysis rate in hypertrophied adipocytes c) Increased insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue d) Conversion of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages to anti-inflammatory M2 macrophagesWhich of the following is a true statement? A.) the resting skeletal muscle mostly produces energy by aerobic respiration B.) the development of the adipose tissue is influenced by the level circulating fatty acids C.) adiponectin is the only adipokine that can prevent or mitigate the effects of type 2 diabetes D.) Ghrelin is the direct link between the emptiness of the stomach and the sensation of hunger E.) all of the above
- A patient with pancreatic cancer has increased glucagon secretion. Which of the following would you expect this to cause? 1) decreased glycolysis 2) increased glycogen storage 3) decreased insulin secretion 4) increased blood glucoseVitamin D deficiency can often be found as a single nutrient deficiency, that is, in an otherwise well-nourished person. Which of the following is the most likely reason? Question 100 options: a) Most vitamin D in the body does not come from natural sources in food, so access to food is not an important determinant of vitamin D status b) The individual has decreased intrinsic factor in the stomach c) Diets containing sufficient nutrients to promote growth can increase the requirements for vitamin D d) The content of vitamin D in foods depends on the soil in which the food was grownWhich of the following words is missing in the following sentence: If you suck on a piece of bread, it will start to taste sweet after a while. This is because saliva contains the degrading enzyme ____________ which breaks down starch into ___________________. a) amylase; glucose b) amylase; maltos c) pepsin; maltos d) maltas; glucose