Calculating the Paired-Samples t Test: Example 2 The Effect of the Pain Study Participant Before After Difference Score Squared Difference Scores D=X₁ = X₁ 1 59 45 Study Example 3-.. 2 35 16 3 30 20 + LO 33 40 5 30 20 Σ M= S= USING AND INTERPRETING STATISTICS ERIC W. CORTY| THIRD EDITION macmilla educatic

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