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- A. You have 3% (w/v) concentrated saline in 20 mL ampoules. What volume and how many ampoules do you need to make 1 L of an isotonic saline solution (0.9% w/v). i) 300 mL of 3% (w/v) saline; 15 ampoules 360 mL of 3% (w/v) saline; 18 ampoules 120 mL of 3% (w/v) saline; 6 ampoules 240 mL of 3% (w/v) saline; 12 ampoules iii) iv)The osmolarity of plasma is maintained at about 300 mOsM. What would the osmolarity inside a red blood cell need to be to maintain osmotic equilibrium between the intracellular fluid and plasma? Give one specific reason why it is important to maintain plasma omolarity within a narrow range of values.An amino acid mixture consisting of phenylalanine, glycine, and glutamic acid is to be separated by HPLC. The stationary phase is aqueous and the mobile phase is a solvent less polar than water. Which of these amino acids will move the fastest? Which one will move the slowest?
- Discuss the homeostatic distribution of ions in and out of the cell in 1) normal conditions and 2) in a person with Hereditary Spherocytosis. .Transport of biomolecules to tissues takes place through capillary walls by both convection and diffusion. Consider an endothelium in which the gaps between the cells are characterized by the following dimensions: L=1 µm long, h=200 nm high, and W=10 nm in width (the last dimension is the distance between the two cells). The fluid is at 37degC and has the same properties as physiologic saline. Let the average pressure in the capillary be 45 mm Hg and let the pressure in the tissue be 0 mm Hg (ignore osmotic effects). Consider a small solute that has a diffusion coefficient of 1x10-5 cm2/s. Does this solute pass across the endothelium by diffusion or is it primarily carried by flow?a.) Convert 5mM of K+ to mOsm b.) Interpret the effect of hyperkalemia with reference to the Nernst equation and EK+. What happens to EK+ if extracellular [K+] is elevated (and intracellular [K+] remains unchanged)? Make specific reference to the Nernst equation but there is no need to cite or calculate any specific numbers, just generalize the result.
- A 5% dextrose is isoosmotic to plasma. What effect would infusion of 1L of a 5% dextrose solution have on ECF and ICF volumes? How it would affect body fluid osmolality of a 70 kg individual and why?You have a solution of 0.30 M glycerin. Glycerin is a lipid molecule and penetrates through the cell membrane. If you place red blood cells into this solution predict what would happen to the red blood cells (stay same, crenated, lysed). Determine: 1. the osmolarity of 0.30 M glycerin 2. apperance/effect on RBC 3. tonicityDraw a general representative plot of Hemoglobin Absorbance versus Osmolarity for data obtained by exposing red blood cells to sucrose solutions of 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 mM sucrose.
- Mannitol, a carbohydrate, is supplied as a 25% (w/v) solution. This hypertonic solution is given to patients who have sustained a head injury with associated brain swelling. (a) What volume should be given to provide a dose of 70. g? (b) How does the hypertonic mannitol benefi t brain swelling?severe ketosis situations produce acidosis, explainPredict the effect of 1 L of 600 mOsm/L infusion of sucrose on patients RBC’s osmolality and volume, if previous osmolality of RBC’s was 250 mOsm/L, plasma volume – 3.6 L and RBC’s volume – 2.4 L.