A] High-income Canadians tend to choose a higher desired health stock, even though they can afford more healthcare goods. Using the Grossman model, explain why this is the case. Use an appropriate graph to support your answer.
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[A] High-income Canadians tend to choose a higher desired health stock, even though they can afford more healthcare goods. Using the Grossman model, explain why this is the case. Use an appropriate graph to support your answer.
[B] Suppose the funding agency switches both physicians' and hospitals' prospective payment to a system of retrospective payment, i.e., from salary to fee-for-service for physicians, and from global budget payment to activity-based funding for hospitals. Clearly explain each of these terms and how these changes will impact the utilization of physician and hospital services.
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- What is the difference, if any, between “Pharmacoeconomics” and “Health Economics”? Explain how microeconomics and macroeconomics are relevant to this field of study and support your answer with plausible examples. Based on your answer, illustrate why studying Pharmacoeconomics has become inevitable and remarkably essential in healthcare provision nowadays.Describe Grossman's Improvement Model of Health. How does Grossman reconcile health as both something in demand and something produced by individuals?1. What was the goal of the Affordable Care Act? Briefly describe each of the three key components of the ACA with 1-2 sentences each. 2. True or False (and why): Recessions are good for your health. 3. In the framework of the Grossman model, suppose there is an increase in the return in alternate non-health market investments. Draw what happens to the MEC curve and the optimal level of health. Explain intuitively why this might be the case in reality.
- Suppose the government imposes a system of price ceilings in the health care industry as part of an overall health care reform bill. a) draw a graph of the health care market and show equilibrium price and quantity. b) assume the government imposes an effective price ceiling in the health care market. Show the price ceiling in your graph. Indicate what will happen to quantity demanded and quantity supplied of health over time ? c) would a shortage or surplus result ? I llustrate in your graph.One of the most robust, fundamental “facts” of health economics is the SES and health gradient. a) Define the SES and health gradient. b) Give three ways in which the SES and health gradient is robust. c) Provide evidence that some of the gradient is correlational (i.e., give a potential confounder) and evidence that the gradient is in fact causal. d) i. Give an interpretation of Figure 1 below in layperson terms. ii. What pattern do you see for men vs women? iii. “The education and mortality gradient does not depend on healthcare spending or whether the country has universal healthcare.” Use Figure 1 to support or refute this claim.That is the "triple aim" concept as applied to health care goals?
- Which statement about the individual health insurance market in the U.S. is correct? Question options: 1) Among the non-elderly with private health insurance, about one-third now purchase it in the individual market 2) Individual market enrollment increased with implementation of the Affordable Care Act in 2014, but it has declined in every year since 3) According to data from the Kaiser Family Foundation, On-Exchange enrollment has been roughly constant (varied by less than 1 million) since 2015 4) According to data from the Kaiser Family Foundation, Off-Exchange enrollment has grown relative to On-Exchange since 2015Why would increased spending as a percentage of GDP on, say, household appliances or education in a particular economy be regarded as economically desirable? Why, then, is there so much concern about rising expenditures as a percentage of GDP on health care?Question 3: Consistent with Figure 12.1, assume that the FFS price was $100 per visit and the average patient made eight visits per year. A competing managed care organization came in and charged $80 per visit, providing seven visits per year. (a) Calculate the change in total expenditures. (b) Graph the FFS and the managed care market equilibria as was done in Figure 12.1. What do our findings suggest about demand for managed care compared to demand for FFS care?
- Draw a graph and an argument about how increases in health due to one medical innovation can lead to improvements in health that are not directly affected by that innovation. Does it matter the demographic properties of those individuals whose health is improved by the initial innovation?What are the three major cost-reducing features of the Singapore health care system? Which one do you think has the largest effect on holding down the price of medical care in Singapore? What element of the Singapore system is shared by the Whole Foods and State of Indiana systems? What elements are missing? How difficult do you think it would be to implement those missing elements in the United States? ExplainSuppose you are collecting data from a country like Japan where the government sets the price of health care. Each prefecture in Japan has a different set of prices (for example, Tokyo has higher prices than rural Hokkaido). Data for 1999 is displayed in Table 2.12. Table 2.12. Outpatient utilization in Tokyo and Hokkaido, 1999. Region Outpatient Visits Price/Visit Tokyo 1.25/month 20 Japenese Yen Hokkaido 1.5/month 10 Japanese Yen What is the arc price elasticity ofdemand for health care consumers in Japan (using only this data)?
