4) Drug A is administered as a racemic mixture. The renal clearance of the (+) isomer is 90 mL/min, while that of the (-) isomer is 50 mL/min. Changing urine flow does not alter the renal clearance of either isomer. Provide a possible mechanism for the difference in renal clearance between these two isomers.
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- Ammonia, NH3, and ammonium ion, NH4+, are both soluble in water and could be easily excreted in the urine. Why does the body convert them to urea rather than excreting them directly?General Blood Urine BP: 95/58 pH: 7.1 Odor: "fruity acetone" HR: 110 bpm Glucose: 345 mg/dl pH: 4.3 Ketone bodies: 22 mg/dl Glucose: Strongly positive Blood alcohol: 110 mg/dl 4. Explain how the pH of Mr. Bouchard's blood and urine is related to the ketone bodies measured in each of these fluids. 5. Provide a possible "alternative" explanation for Mr. Bouchard's erratic behavior and high blood alcohol concentration. Think outside the box. 6. What metabolic disease do you suspect Mr. Bouchard suffers from?1.8 Which of the following is likely to cause the kidney to change the reabsorption of water and/or NaCl? Select one: a. Drinking 1 L of water in a short period of time. (Assume that you weren't dehydrated.) b. Eating a big bag of salty potato chips. c. Forgetting to drink water all day. d. Exercising vigorously in a very hot environment. e. All of the above
- 65. In acute hypersensitivity reactions, 0.5 mL of a 1:1000 (w/v) solution of epi- nephrine may be administered subcuta- neously or intramuscularly. Calculate the milligrams of epinephrine given. 65. 0.5 mg epinephrineA uremic patient has a urine output of 1.8 L/24 h and an average creatinine concentration of 2.2 mg/dL. What is the creatinine clearance? How would you adjust the dose of a drug normally given at 20 mg/kg every 6 hours in this patient (assume the urine creatinine concentration is 0.1 mg/mL and creatinine clearance is 100 mL/min)?In the biological fluids, such as blood, name two biomolecules that can act as the buffering (1) (f) components. Explain how this is achieved.
- Based on your understanding of the pH-partition theory, suggest a strategy for decreasing cocaine toxicity in the brain with simultaneous enhancement of the urinary excretion of the drug. Note that intracellular pH in the brain is approximately 7.2, plasma pH is 7.4, and pH of urine of this patient is around 6.One of the following does not contribute to calcium- oxalate stones a. sodium-rich diet O b. calcium-rich diet O c. acidic-ash diet o d. dehydrationa 50-year-old woman with a body mass index in the obese range had a weakness in their muscles. she had a history of increased blood pressure but controlled it with medication. the GP has diagnosed her with extreme hypertension and therefore has given her an increased dosage of blood pressure medication but did not have an effect on her hypertension. the biochemical profile shows: - urea of 8.9 (reference range: 2.5-7.0) - sodium of 162 (reference range: 134-147) - potassium of 2.2 (reference range: 3.5-5.0) -aldosterone of 863 (reference range: 90-700) - renin activity of 4.3 (reference range: 0.5-3.5) - aldosterone/RA ratio of 201 (reference range: <680) -cortisol of 511 (reference range: 138-690) -pH of 7.51 ( reference range : 7.35-7.45) Questions: a)what is the medical condition the patient has and what are the causes? fully explain the rationale which is based on the patients history and the test results indicated above. b)which non invasive test will be taken into…
- Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃(s)) is an important building material (limestone) and a quick cure for acid indigestion (TUMS). Ksp = 8.7x10⁻⁹ for CaCO₃(s). What, if any, is the effect of lowering the pH (as occurs in acid rain and acid indigestion) on the solubility of CaCO₃(s). (hint: use Le Chatelier's principle) A) there is no effect from lowering pH on CaCO₃(s) solubility B) lowering pH increases the CaCO₃(s) solubility C) additional information is required to determine the outcome D) lowering the pH lowers the solubilityIn your own words, explain the Mechanism of Buffer Action.Why are the bicarbonate and phosphate buffers the main buffers in the blood and cells, respectively, and not vice versa?