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- 4) In DNA, adenine pairs up with thymine and guanine with cytosine. If adenine makes up 40% of the bases in DNA, then what percentage of the bases in DNA does cytosine makeup? A. 10% В. 20% С. 40% D. 50% 5I The process by vhich a cell conies its DNA befora it divides is called:About 1016 cell divisions take place in a human body during a lifetime, yet an adult human body consists of only about 1013 cells. Why are these two numbers so different?9. What is the unit of a genetic map? A. centimorgan B. angstrom C. joule D. centimeter
- 6. Consider an experiment in which cells are radioactively labeled by this method for only a short period of time (about 30 minutes). The radioactive thymidine medium is then replaced with medium containing unlabeled thymidine, and the cells are grown for some additional time. At different time points after replacement of the medium, cells are examined in a microscope. The fraction of cells in mitosis (which can be easily recognized because their chromosomes are condensed) that have radioactive DNA in their nuclei is then determined and plotted as a function of time after the labeling with radioactive thymidine. labeled mitotic cells (%) 100 75- 50 25 0 bod 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 time (hours) a) Would cells at all phases of the cell cycle contain radioactive DNA immediately after the labeling procedure? Why? b) Why are there initially no mitotic cells that contain radioactive DNA? c) Explain the rise and fall and then rise again of the curve. d) Estimate the length of G2 for these cells e)…19. The types of human cells shown below are different from one another, even though they all originated from the same fertilized egg and contain the same genetic information. Explain why these genetically identical cells can differ in structure and function. * Cardiac cells Stem cell Blastocyst Enterocytes Fat cells Neuron Red blood cells Epithelial cells Chondrocyte86. If you were to use the scientific method to determine if eating oat bran decreases people’s chance of getting cancer, which of the following studies would be best at answering the hypothesis. Assume it is possible to do each of the proposed studies. a. Survey 10,000 people who had cancer and 10,000 people who have not had cancer and see if one group ate more oat bran than the other. b. Select 10,000 people and ask them about how much oat bran they eat each week. Follow up on them over many years and see if the people who eat more oat bran are less likely to get cancer. c. Take a group of 500 people and randomly place 250 in each of two groups. Give one group two servings of oat bran every day for 20 years, and the other group two servings of some other food and see which group has more cancer cases in those 20 years. d. Find which ethnic groups eat the most oat bran and then compare cancer rates between those groups (since you would have a very large sample size).
- Cancer cells keep proliferation and eventually kills the host (human body). Unfortunately, you are diagnosed to have a small tumor (aggregation of cancer cells) of 1 mm in diameter (or 1 million cells). How big will the tumor g to 回国 be if it were untreated for two months (60 days)? Assume your cancer cells divide every 6 days. A. 10 million cells, B. 1 billion cells, C. 40 trillion cells. D. 1 million cells.3. An original cell replicates its DNA. The cell undergoes mitosis and cell division, and one of the daughter cells replicates its DNA. Which of these BEST describes the DNA of the second-generation daughter cells? A. One of the cells will contain DNA consisting of one strand from the original cell. B. One of the cells will contain DNA consisting of two strands from the original cell. C. Both of the cells will contain DNA consisting of one strand from the original cell. D. Both of the cells will contain DNA consisting of two strands from the original cell. E. Neither of the cells will contain DNA consisting of strands from the original cell.9. Which of the following are the level of biological structure at which stem cells play a part? Select all that apply. A. macromolecular level B. cellular/ organelle levels C. tissue/ organ level D. organismal level E. all of the above none of the above
- 15. Which of the following statements describes the lifespan of red blood cells?A. Red blood cells live as long as an animal and generally don't need to be replaced.B. Red blood cells live a few weeks in some species and a few months in others. Red blood cells live a few years in some species and as long as a few decades in others. D. Red blood cells live a few hours in some species and a few days in others.1. Which of the following describe the nuclear envelope? a. It is continuous with the endomembrane system b. It is continuous with the nucleolus c. It is continuous with the cell membrane d. It contains a cell membrane 2. During the cell cycle, when are chromosomes partitioned to daughter cells? a. G1 phase c. M phase b. G2 phase d. S phase 3. How do cancer cells differ from normal cells? a. invasiveness only – many normal cell types grow in an uncontrolled fashion b. interphase and M phase c. uncontrolled division and invasiveness d. uncontrolled division only – many normal cell types are invasive11. You study the cell cycle of human hepatocytes (i.e. cells from the main tissue of the liver). You isolate and culture a single hepatocyte from a tissue sample you have received. You then track the rate of cell division over time under the stimulation of a growth factor. After a few rounds of steady cell divisions, you notice that cells divide progressively faster, have a smaller volume and divide uncontrollably even in the absence of any growth factor. Which of the following is consistent with this observation? A. The G₂ checkpoint is functional but the G₁ checkpoint is non-functional B. The G₁ checkpoint is functional but the G₂ checkpoint is non-functional C. The Ras gene is mutated D. Cells undergo apoptosis E. Cells have entered the Go phase