3. Based on the phototransduction A. It is a voltage-dependent B. It is a G protein-coupled C. It is a G protein D. It is a protein kinase E. It is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) pathway presented above, what type of receptor is the rhodopsin? ion channel receptor (GPCR)
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- The amino acid sequence (primary structure) and 3D shape (tertiary structure) of the rhodopsin has been determined and the various protein domains have also been identified with precision (see figures below). The red arrow indicates the amino acid lysin (K) that binds to the oxygen of the retinol (indicated by the blue arrow). The purple arrow indicates the retinal bound to the rhodopsin. In healthy individuals, retinal is abundant and can binds to the rhodopsin, making it functional (light-sensitive). H3C CH3 CH3 CH3 cytoplasmic side Retinal C-I extracellular side 0000 MOO OOO 400 DERY 000 PONE ALMO VOO LGF LLOD VUEL CH3 HOO AD SLV GO04 FAV OCK 000 LOO GOF YO DOAA TOTO ⓇAD MOWE OV00 OPL ALA LEGE DOOD VOOO COP DES 000 600 GCO OV FOOD Rhodopsin (primary structure) C-II E-II COOH-terminal C-III RIVE OOM DOWO LWCO 40 DOVO FOX ON DO 000 D04 boooooo 000 000 100,00 ****** E-III NH₂-terminal Rhodopsin + retinal (tertiary structure) 6. This lysine (K) is in a transmembrane domain of rhodopsin…Researchers who study those rods cells have performed a series of experiments to better understand this phototransduction pathway and the role of this PDE protein in patients that suffer from night blindness. In one experiment, researchers have measured the cytosolic concentration of cGMP (cyclic- GMP) under different light intensities (exposure = 10 min) in both the presence and the absence of the PDE6i inhibitor. The results are as follow: the cytosolic concentration of cGMP (cyclic-GMP) decreases as light intensity increases, but only in the absence of the PDE6i inhibitor (see figure below). Without PDE6i cGMP concentration (A.U) 25 20 15- 10- 0 0 0.1 A.U (Arbitraty Unit) 0.2 0.3 Light intensity (A.U) 25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0.4 0 GMP concentration (A.U) cGMP concentration (A.U) 25 20- 15- 10 0- 0 0.1 With PDE6i 0.2 0.3 Light intensity (A.U) -20 C. The PDE protein is an oxidase that reduces GMP into a cGMP D. The PDE protein is a phosphodiesterase that converts cGMP into a GMP E. The PDE…Researchers who study those rods cells have performed a series of experiments to better understand this phototransduction pathway and the role of this PDE protein in patients that suffer from night blindness. In one experiment, researchers have measured the cytosolic concentration of cGMP (cyclic- GMP) under different light intensities (exposure = 10 min) in both the presence and the absence of the PDE6i inhibitor. The results are as follow: the cytosolic concentration of cGMP (cyclic-GMP) decreases as light intensity increases, but only in the absence of the PDE6i inhibitor (see figure below). Without PDE6i cGMP concentration (A.U) 25 20 15- 0- 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 Light intensity (A.U) 25 0.4 20 15 - 10 5 0 GMP concentration (A.U) cGMP concentration (A.U) 25 20 15- o 0- 0 0.1 With PDE6i 0.2 0.3 Light intensity (A.U) 0.4 25 20 0 GMP concentration (A.U) 10. What is the likely function of the cytosolic cGMP in this phototransduction pathway? A. It is a competitive inhibitor of PDE B. It is a…
- Help me pleaseTo further investigate the cellular response in photoreceptor cells, we will now look at the actual effect of cGMP within the phototransduction pathway. Again, we will compare what happens in the dark and in the presence of light to understand how an electric signal is generated in either condition. Comparing both conditions (in the dark or under the light), researchers have measured the molar concentration of cytosolic CGMP and recorded the membrane potential of rod cells by placing micro- electrodes on either side of their plasma membrane (see figure below). • A negative membrane potential means that there are more negatively charged ions inside the cell compared to outside the cell, or equivalently, that there are less positively charged ions inside the cell compared to outside the cell. • A positive membrane potential means that there are more negatively charged ions outside the cell compared to inside the cell, or equivalently, that there are less positively charged ions outside…To further investigate the cellular response in photoreceptor cells, we will now look at the actual effect of cGMP within the phototransduction pathway. Again, we will compare what happens in the dark and in the presence of light to understand how an electric signal is generated in either condition. Comparing both conditions (in the dark or under the light), researchers have measured the molar concentration of cytosolic cGMP and recorded the membrane potential of rod cells by placing micro-electrodes on either side of their plasma membrane (see figure below). A negative membrane potential means that there are more negatively charged ions inside the cell compared to outside the cell, or equivalently, that there are less positively charged ions inside the cell compared to outside the cell. ● A positive membrane potential means that there are more negatively charged ions outside the cell compared to inside the cell, or equivalently, that there are less positively charged ions outside the…
- Receptor tyrosine kinases such as the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor can basically be broken down into three domains: (1) An extracellular, ligand binding domain, (2) A transmembrane domain that must cross through the cell membrane, and (3) an intracellular domain. Match the amino acid with the domain that it would MOST LIKELY be associated with. Lysine (choose (1), (2), or (3) from above) A tyrosine residue capable of being phosphorylated on its hydroxyl group (choose (1), (2), or (3) from above) Isoleucine (choose (1), (2), or (3) from above)6. For a 1:1 ligand-receptor binding interaction that is modeled by X + Y XY : (A) Show how the fraction of ligand-receptor binding (fo) is represented by the [X] [X]+ K, equation of f, (i.e., derive this expression for this reaction beginning eg with the relationship for K = f([X].[X],[XY]) under equilibrium conditions). (B) shown to the right for this reaction, what is the estimated value of Keg? Give your answer in units of M. For the data plot 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 문 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0000 0.0050 0.0100 0.0150 0.0200 0.0250 0.0300 0.0350 0.0400 [X) (mM)This lab examines the relationship between the absorbance of light by a solution at 595 nm and the concentration of the Coomassie Blue dye-BSA protein complex in the solution. State whether the following descriptions of the lab experiment are valid or not, and explain why you say Yes or No: a.The experiment would be significantly more accurate if absorbance readings were recorded for a range of wavelengths, not just for 595 nm.b.The experiment has limited accuracy because it does not account for the absorbance of light by the other components (components that are not the dye-protein complex, such as excess dye that is not bound to any protein) of the solution.c.The absorbance reading measures practically all the protein content in the solutions
- During phototransduction, the molecular processing in retinal rods under light activates mechanism to reduce cGMP that hyperpolarizes the cell. The correct sequence of cellular events is: activation of 11-cis-retinal --> activation of Transducin---> enzyme degrades CGMP activation of Transducin --> opening of Na+ channel --> hyperpolarization of cell activation of Transducin --> a photon induces 11-trans-retinal --> enzyme degrades CGMP 0 a photon induces 11-transretinal activation --> closing of Na+ channel --> hyperpolarization of cellA3 KcsA K+ ion channel has their selectivity filer arranged as amino acid "TVGYG", so it can only binding with K+ ion, if this amino acid arrangement changed to "TVGDG", it can also select Na+ ion. why?Crystal structures exist for three neurokinin-1 (NK1) ligand complexes with the following pdb codes (6hll, 6hlo,6hlp). State which is the highest quality crystal structure indicating the criteria you used to evaluate this.