2. In biologically relevant molecules, carbon and the halogens don't have a charge. In contrast, nitrogen (neutral or positively charged) and oxygen (neutral or negatively charged) don't always appear in their uncharged form. Consider the following questions. a. Add any unshared pairs of electrons necessary to complete the Lewis structure shown for formaldehyde (note: there are no formal charges in this molecule). b. Assign any formal charges necessary to complete the structure shown for the acetylide anion. c. Recalling that atoms want a complete octet, add unshared pairs of electrons, and assign formal charges as appropriate to the Lewis structure of the amino acid aspartic acid as it would exist at a physiological pH of ~7.4 (aspartic acid has an overall -1 charge at this pH). A. H O H formaldehyde B. HIC C: C. acetylide anion HH H-N O=C H OH H aspartic acid
Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
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