14. DNA methyltransferase, an enzyme that methylates DNA, ----. a. is expressed in a higher than normal amount in a tumor cell; its location is nuclear b. , is expressed in a higher than normal amount in a tumor cell; its location is cytoplasmic c. is expressed in a lower than normal amount in a tumor cell; its location is nuclear d. , is expressed in a lower than normal amount in a tumor cell; its location is cytoplasmic 15. In human cancers, a. Rb promoter is hypermethylated b. expression of CDK inhibitors is inhibited c. there is high level of cyclin D-CDK4/6 kinase activity, phosphorylating pRb d. a and b e. a, b and c 16. Cancer causing agents bring about their effect mainly in G1 phase of the cell cycle because ----. a. the cell has just emerged from the quiescent GO phase b. Gl phase is the longest c. All enzymes and cyclins are active in the G1 phase d. Cells respond to their extracellular growth signals during the G1 phase

14. DNA methyltransferase, an enzyme that methylates DNA, ----. a. is expressed in a higher than normal amount in a tumor cell; its location is nuclear b. , is expressed in a higher than normal amount in a tumor cell; its location is cytoplasmic c. is expressed in a lower than normal amount in a tumor cell; its location is nuclear d. , is expressed in a lower than normal amount in a tumor cell; its location is cytoplasmic 15. In human cancers, a. Rb promoter is hypermethylated b. expression of CDK inhibitors is inhibited c. there is high level of cyclin D-CDK4/6 kinase activity, phosphorylating pRb d. a and b e. a, b and c 16. Cancer causing agents bring about their effect mainly in G1 phase of the cell cycle because ----. a. the cell has just emerged from the quiescent GO phase b. Gl phase is the longest c. All enzymes and cyclins are active in the G1 phase d. Cells respond to their extracellular growth signals during the G1 phase

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter12: Genes And Cancer

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 15QP: Which of the following mutations will result in cancer? a. homozygous recessive mutation in a...

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1. True or Flase: Cells must only divide when they receive a signal to divide. 2. BRCA1 is a gene that codes for a tumor suppressor protein. If a person inherits a mutation in BRCA1, it greatly increases his or her risk of developing breast cancer. Are the cancer-causing mutations in the BRCA1 gene more likely to: a) increase expression of the gene b)decrease expression of the gene c)not affect the expression of the gene
A patient comes into your clinic exhibiting generic cancer symptoms. In order to help form a diagnosis, you ask about patient history and they tell you that they worked for years in an agricultural job, primarily in handling food for large bovine animals and then later working with insect pesticide treatment of grain fields. You decide to test for elevated levels of the environmental agent(s) in their body and focus your cancer diagnosis on based on the established associations of epigentic effects and cancer. O nickel and cadmium; stomach and skin cancer O benzene; breast, prostate and thyroid cancer O polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzene; lung, breast, stomach and skin cancer O arsenic and endocrine disruptors; skin, bladder, liver and kidney cancer
Which of these events do you think is likely to promote tumorigenesis in affected cells? Group of answer choices DNA methylation of the promoter region of a tumor suppressor gene Hypermethylation of transcription factors that antagonize Wntsignaling Open chromatin in the region of of DNA harboring an activating mutation of beta-catenin All of these
Mutations that increase the creation of blood vessels and turn on expression of telomerase are.... Group of answer choices not involved in tumor development. often seen in the very beginning of tumor development. important to help the tumor to continue growing after the cancer has started.
Cancer is caused by many different types of gene mutations. Some mutations are in proto-oncogenes, which lead to overexpression of the genes, and other mutations are in tumor suppressor genes, which lead to under expression or no expression in these genes. Which kinds of gene mutations would RNA interference (RNAi) be better at treating? Explain.
The best strategy for treating a specific type of human tumor can depend on identifying the type of cell that became cancerous to give rise to the tumor. For some tumors that have colonized a distant location (metastasized), identifying the parental cell type can be difficult. Because the type of IF protein expressed is cell-type-specific, using monoclonal antibodies that react with only one type of IF protein can help in this identification. What IF proteins would you produce monoclonal antibodies against to identify (a) a sarcoma of muscle cell origin, (b) an epithelial cell carcinoma, and (c) an astrocytoma (glial cell tumor)?
1). Tumor suppressor proteins monitor DNA and detect damage. Some cancers evade this detection by removing tumor suppressor proteins from the nucleus. An overproduction of what transport molecule could cause this? What is one example of how this overproduction might be targeted for cancer treatment (suggest a hypothetical treatment that would prevent the cancer)? 2) :) Based on the course content thus far, would mRNA vaccines pose a risk to the genomic DNA in a cell? Explain.
D) The level of carbon dioxide increases with the level of available oxygen. 60) The TPS3 gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor protein p53. Known as the guardlan of the genome, this protein acts as a tumor suppressor, which means that it regulates cell division by keeping cells from growing and dividing t0o fast or in an uncontrolled way. The p53 protein is located in the nucleus of cells throughout the body, where it attaches directly to DNA and plays a critical role in determining whether the DNA will be repaired or the damaged cell will self- destruct (undergo apoptosis). If the DNA can be repaired, p53 activates other genes to fix the damage. If the DNA cannot be repaired, this protein prevents the cell from dividing and signals it to undergo apoptosis. Suppose chromosomes in a skin cell are damaged by ultraviolet radiation. If the damaged genes do not affect p53, which choice correctly predict if the cell will become cancerous and why? No, the cell will not…
Cellular levels of tumor suppressor protein p53 is maintained by a ubiquitin ligase protein, called Mdm2. Over expression of Mdm2 destabilizes p53. Another protein p19ARF inhibits the activity of Mdm2, thus stabilizing p53. Loss of p19ARF function converts normal cells into cancer cells With the above information, which of the following statements are true? Mdm2 is a tumor suppressor gene but p19ARF is an oncogene Both Mdm2 & P19ARF are oncogenes Both Mdm2 & P19ARF are tumor suppressor genes O Mdm2 is an oncogene but p19ARF is a tumor suppressor gene
3) The tumor suppressor protein Rb regulation of the entry into the S phase of the cell cycle is represented in this diagram. DNA Answer: b) Explain your choice above: Answer: Rb E2F Genes needed for S phase are NOT transcribed Growth factor Ras pathway Cdk-cyclin 30 ATP ADP Phosphorylated Rb protein P Rb E2F Gene transcription a) In hereditary retinoblastoma tumors, Rb is mutated. Among the following mutations, which one is not likely to be found in these tumors. 1) Mutation prevents Rb to bind E2F by modifying the binding site. 2) Mutation prevents Rb to be dephosphorylated and recycled (possibly by prevented phosphorylated Rb to be recognized by the phosphatase that removes its phosphates). 3) Mutation may cause Rb to be misfolded and not have a functional conformation 4) Mutation that prevent Rb to be phosphorylated by cdk-cyclin. 5) Mutation may cause Rb to be unstable and degraded rapidly. c) (4 pts) Human papilloma virus (HPV) infections are the main causes of cervical cancers.…
Tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes are implicated in carcinogenesis. However, one can predict whether a gene potentially encodes for a protein that influences carcinogenesis by examining their mutational profile. You sequence the genome of 4 cancers and identify 3 genes of interest. Which of the following genes has the best potential to an oncogene? Tumor 1 Tumor 2 Tumor 3 Tumor 4 Gene A S24F, N465T R33T T345S, G366R P367E, P368Y Gene B S34R, F360I S34R V254I S34E, T67Y Gene C S24F, I322E C255I, E344D S34E, P367E
#9) Cancer cells generally have missense mutations in p53 gene, resulting in truncated p53 normally active p53 dominant negative p53 inactive p53 #2) When cancer cells have not spread beyond its original site, the term used to describe it is benign growth intraepithelial neoplasia carcinoma stage 3 carcinoma in sit #10) Single or double stranded breaks in DNA activate Chk 1 and 2 kinases, which phosphorylates p53. This results in --- in the level of p53 in the cell. increase decrease please answer them all. they are very short and won't take your time. Thank you in advance.