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1.1 What would be the effect of blocking neurotransmitter degradation on neurotransmitter concentration at the synapse?
1.2You are studying an excitatory synapse that is not strong enough to evoke a postsynaptic action potential. Would the probability of a postsynaptic potential increase or decrease after blocking neurotransmitter degradation?
1.3 ) You are studying an excitatory synapse that evokes a postsynaptic action potential. Would the probability of a postsynaptic potential increase or decrease after blocking presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels?
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- What is a synapse? Explain the difference between an excitatory and an inhibitory synapse.Given the steps shown below, which of the following is the correct sequence for transmission at a chemical synapse? 1. neurotransmitter binds with receptor 2. sodium ions rush into neuron's cytoplasm 3. action potential depolarizes the presynaptic membrane 4. ion channel opens to allow particular ion to enter cell 5. synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft O 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 O 5, 1, 2, 4, 3 O 2, 3, 5, 4, 1 O4, 3, 1, 2, 5 O 3, 2, 5, 1, 414) Review the process by which an action potential is conducted across a synapse. Suppose that in the future you become a researcher that is trying to cure a new neurological disorder. This disorder causes some post-synaptic neurons to fire action potentials to intrequently in response to the excitatory neurotransmitter dopamine. You want to design a medication that will target the cellular mechanisms that are causing this to happen at the synapse. List (no explanation required) four different things that vour medication could do at the synapse to increase the rate of firing of action potentials, *(Note that each different thing you list should produce an effect by targeting a different part of the process by which conduction of an action potential across a synapse is regulated).
- I have stimulated a neuron with dopamine for a second followed by treating it with cocaine and calcium chelating agent (which chelates out all calcium from the system making them unavailable for function), what will be the effect of such impulse on generating an action potential in the post-synaptic neuron? Will it be different if I pretreat the set of nerve cells with cocaine and calcium chelating agent followed by stimulating the neuron with dopamine? Justify your answer with proper reasoning in brief.Depression is a condition in which sufferers may feel low mood, lack of motivation and sleep. It is caused by a lack of serotonin in the synaptic cleft of neurone pathways. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter. a) Describe how serotonin acts as a neurotransmitter. Using your understanding of synaptic transmission, explain how communication between neurones in serotonin pathways of the brain would be affected in someone with depression. b) Doctors use tubocurarine drug as an anaesthetic as it temporarily paralyses muscles. It blocks receptors at neuromuscular junctions. Why does this lead to paralysis?The following steps refer to various stages in transmission at a chemical synapse. 1. Neurotransmitter binds with receptors associated with the postsynaptic membrane. 2. Calcium ions rush into neuron's cytoplasm. 3. An action potential depolarizes the membrane of the presynaptic axon terminal. 4. The ligand-gated ion channels open. 5. The synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. Which step occurs first in transmission at a chemical synapse? Ostep 1 occurs first step 2 occurs first step 3 occurs first step 4 occurs first Ostep 5 occurs first
- which one of the following statements is incorrect? a. temporal summation occurs when a single synaptic input is activated twice in succession, with the second postsynaptic potential occurring before the first postsynaptic potential is over. b. blocking voltage-gated k* channels in the presynaptic membrane of a typical chemical synapse is likely to reduce the amount of neurotransmitter released in response to a single action potential in the presynaptic axon. c. in the optic tectum of the hunting rattlesnake, spatial summation is used to combine inputs from visual and thermoreceptive layers in order to make a decision whether to strike at a mouse-like object. d. a single type of neurotransmitter can have different postsynaptic actions depending on the type of receptor to which it binds.Which of the following statements concerning synapses is FALSE? O A) Modulation of synaptic strength can be presynaptic of postsynaptic B) High frequency stimulation in the presynaptic neuron often leads to DECREASED neurotransmitter release O C) Modulation of synaptic strength can either be short term, lasting seconds, or long term, lasting as long as a lifetime. D) Agonists are drugs that mimic neurotransmitters and antagonists are drugs that block the action of neurotransmitters O E) Certain drugs prevent the reuptake of neurotransmitter from the synapse11) Compare the propagation speeds of an action potential along an axon that is 10 µM in diameter and one that is 20 uM in diameter. You must have a quantitative answer. 12) How would the velocity of action potential propagation change if you quadrupled the membrane conductance? You must have a quantitative answer. 13) You discover a mutation in mice that causes them to suddenly lose their myelin sheaths. How would this mutation change the speed of action potential propagation and why? 9
- Photoreceptor cells form glutamatergic synapses onto bipolar cells and when photoreceptor cells are depolarized the release of glutamate into the synapse is increased. One class of bipolar cells, (called OFF bipolar cells) have excitatory glutamate receptors in their post-synaptic specialization. What happens to the membrane potential of OFF bipolar cells when photoreceptors are illuminated?Let’s say the synapses of a neuron’s dendrites are filled with glutamate-gated channels which, when activated by glutamate, cause an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) in the neuron. In one instance, glutamate is released at all of the synapses simultaneously and this leads to an action potential in the neuron. A) What type of summation of PSPs is this? Why? B) List the sequence of steps that occur starting from binding of glutamate to the glutamate-gated channels at the synapses and ending with the membrane potential at the axon hillock returning to resting potential at the end of the action potential. (Include all the changes in voltage-gated channels underlying the action potential.)You are examining a postsynaptic neuron that has a resting membrane potential of -70 mV and a threshold of -55 mV. If an inhibitory presynaptic neuron creates an IPSP of -5 mV and two excitatory presynaptic neurons have EPSPS of 10 and 12 mV, will the postsynaptic neuron fire an action potential if all three pre- synaptic neurons fire at the same time? In your answer describe EPSPS, IPSPs, temporal or spatial summation as appropriate.
