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- 1. What is an antiserum? 2. What are the potency requirements in an antiserum? ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON LABORATORY ASSAY NO.4 3. What kind of antigen will anti-A detect? Anti-B? 4. Enumerate the common causes of false positive and false negative result in ABO forward grouping? 5. Give the purpose of Blood typing. 6. Cite the biochemical components of the ABO blood group accordingly. 7. Complete the table below Blood type A B 0 AB (positive/pos) for agglutination (negative/neg) for no agglutination Anti-A Anti-B1. What is the purpose of Rh view bow? What is the optimum temperature for detection of Rh antigen? 2. Give the different types of Rh antigen typing reagents accdg. to the sources. Explain each.3. At what age or time in life does an individual acquire the antibodies against ABO antigensother than their own? 4. At what age or time in life does an individual acquire antibodies against Rh positive blood if their own blood type is Rh negative? How do you explain this? 5. Does the vial labeled anti-A antiserum contain whole blood? Explain. What about the vials labeled anti-B and anti-Rh antiserum? 6. What is erythroblastosis fetalis and what is the cause? What blood type must the mother, father and child be in order for this to occur?
- 1. Give the advantages of using tube method over the slide method. Why do you have to incubate the tube method in Rh typing? 2. Give the clinical importance of determining the Rh status of a patient? 3. Define HDN and explain the effect of Rh(D) antigen. What is the preventive measure of preventing D-negative mothers from forming anti-D? 4. What are the symptoms in Rh-mediated hemolytic transfusion reactions?1. List as many as possible blood bank serologic tests that are affected by hemolyzed samples (list as many as possible and how) 2. Enumerate and describe the sources of antibodies utilized in the determination of blood group soluble substances.1. What is the principle involved in Hemagglutination (HA) and Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests (HAI). 2. What happens to an erythrocyte during an indirect or passive hemagglutination technique? 3. Identify possible sources of erythrocytes that may function as carrier for detecting and titrating the corresponding antibodies during hemagglutination.
- VIII. Blood Types Fill in the blanks to complete each of the following sentences. Choose from the words listed in the Word Bank. AGGLUTINATION HEMOLYSIS POSITIVE ANTIBODIES NEGATIVE RED BLOOD CELLS ANTIGEN PLASMA A AB ,of which there are two types (A 1. Each red blood cell carries a protein called an and B). 2. Plasma carries 3. A transfusion reaction occurs when the antibodies of one blood type attack the cells of the other blood type, causing the cells to clump together; the process of producing large clumps of cells is called 4. During a reaction, red blood cells may burst; this is called 5. Blood type completely accurate. Reactions usually do not occur because only the transfused. against the of the other blood types. is sometimes called the universal donor, although the term is not are being is sometimes called the universal recipient, although this is not 6. Blood type completely accurate either. 7. Many people also carry another antigen, called the Rh antigen; when this is the…16. The Type A Transferase enzyme, attaches N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) to H-antigen epitopes; the Type B Transferase enzyme instead transfers galactose (Gal) to the H-antigen. Individuals with Type A blood thus have at minimum one copy of the active Type A Transferase, those with Type B have at minimum one copy of the active Type B Transferase, those with Type AB have one active copy of each, those with Type O have neither. Imagine an AB individual who acquires a mutation in their Type B Transferase gene that allows it to be active with either Gal or GalNAc. Make sure to include a brief justification for your answer to each question below. a. What blood type antigens would this individual express? b. If this individual had a child with a normal O partner, what possible blood type antigens could the child express? c. If this individual had a child with a homozygous dominant B partner (BB), what possible blood type antigens could the child express?2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-022-00692-1 (link to research) a) In the immunohistochemistry section of the materials and methods section the authors wrote “The number of positive cells in hotspot areas in ten high power fields (HPFs) in areas of demyelination and plaques in the brain stem were counted using the image analysis software (Lecia Application Suite Version 4.12.0, Welzlar, Germany).” Why were they looking at demyelination areas for this study? b) In the effect of mitoxantrone on histopathological changes in the brain section of the results section the authors wrote “Active plaques revealed inflammatory cellular infiltrates with abundant macrophages stuffed with myelin debris, an evidence of ongoing myelin breakdown.” What does macrophages stuffed with myelin debris have to do with the study?
- 1. What are the general (basic) functions of antibodies relative to APS? Please include citation (s).A. Differentiate the chemistry and function of primary and secondary antibodies in ELISA. B. Discuss the purpose of adding a blocking buffer. What happens when you fail to add the blocking buffer? Why do we use BSA as the primary component of the blocking buffer?1. Give the importance of Rh Typing 2. List the major Rh antigens from most immunogenic to the least immunogenic? 3. Give some causes of false positive and false negative reactions. 4. Cite all "nomenclatures" used to identify the existence of Rh antigens.