1. Glucagon is the is an important hormone that controls glycogen metabolism in liver cells. Describe how glucagon regulates glycogen metabolism in liver cells in low blood glucose conditions.
Q: 1. Glucose transporter in the myocytes, under the influence of insulin, is A. GLUT 1 B. GLUT 2 C.…
A: Glucose transport in our body mainly occur through sodium independent transporter which include GLUT…
Q: 7. After visiting a gym, a student had 250-300 g of carbohydrates for lunch and decided to rest. How…
A: after visiting a gym a student had 250 300 gram of carbohydrate for lunch and decided to rest how…
Q: Which of the following statements is true about brain metabolism in starvation? a) The brain can use…
A: Starvation is a complete stoppage of eating food and the body is deprived of carbohydrates, lipids,…
Q: An increase in glucagon levels can a. Promote the degradation of glycogen (i.e., glycogenolysis) b.…
A: Glucagon can be defined as a peptide hormone. It is produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas. It…
Q: 1) How is the TCA cycle regulated? a) Draw the TCA diagram that fills in all possible regulation…
A: The citric acid cycle involves the oxidation of acetyl CoA to CO2 and H2O. It is the first common…
Q: Administration of insulin decreases the blood concentration of ketone bodies in patients with…
A: The cells inside the body of people who are diabetic are unable to uptake glucose from blood.…
Q: 1. Deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is the disorder of which pathway? A. HMP shunt B.…
A: Hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP) or pentose phosphate pathway is an alternative pathwy to glucose…
Q: 2. Parkinson's disease is caused by a deficiency of dopamine in the substantia nigra of the brain.…
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Q: 3. After 12 days of starvation, a man reduced his weight by 4 kg. The doctor prescribed him…
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Q: 11. Epinephrine (adrenaline) is often called the "fight or flight" hormone because it is released…
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Q: Explain why insulin is required for adipocytes to synthesize triacylglycerols from fatty acids.
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Q: 5. A young woman decided to lose weight and abstained from fat-containing food for several months.…
A: Glucose is the primary source of energy for the body. So, under normal conditions, the glucose…
Q: The antidiabetes drugs known as thiazolidinediones induce the production of glycerol kinase in…
A: Thiazolidinedione’s are a class of medicines that can be used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.…
Q: 6. Neonatal tyrosinemia is due to the deficiency of which of the following enzymes? A. Fumaryl…
A: There are three types of tyrosinemias- Type 1( hepatorenal tyrosinemia):- occurs due to…
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A: After an intake of carbohydrates there will be an increase in the concentration of the glucose…
Q: 10. Two men with hyperglycemia visited an endocrinologist. One patient was diagnoscd with…
A: Cushing syndrome occurs due to an exposure to high corticosteroid levels for a long period of time…
Q: Part 2 In a cell stimulated by insulin, glucose is abundant, Explain how the high rate of fatty acid…
A: The two hormones released by the pancreas for the blood sugar regulation are insulin and glucagon.…
Q: 1. Consider the fatty acid C24:3 (D10, 13, 16) Break down this fatty acid. Show all the products…
A: The given fatty acid is C24:3 (D10, 13, 16) has 24 C-atom chain with three unsaturation in between…
Q: Glucose 6 phosphatase O allows muscle to release free glucose into the bloodstream O is expressed in…
A: Glucose 6-phosphatase is an enzyme that makes hydrolyzed glucose 6-phosphate, which leads to the…
Q: 3-day -old female newborn with a deficiency of mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate synthetase develops…
A: Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase is an enzyme which catalyzes the first reaction of the urea cycle.…
Q: 4. Between your evening meal and breakfast, your blood glucose drops and your liver becomes a net…
A: Based on the body's needs, the liver simultaneously stores and manufactures glucose. The liver…
Q: 1. A student, halfan hour after the dinner, containing about 150 g of carbohydrates, 20 g of fat,…
A: Note : Hi ! Thank you for the question. We are authorized to answer one question at a time. Since…
Q: 1. Explain why most human cells require a supply of glucose 2. State one specific response of the…
A: The normal blood glucose level in adults ranges from 90 to 110mg/dl. The blood glucose levels vary…
Q: 5. How does the epinephrine hormone regulate glycogen catabolism in the liver and muscle? Please…
A: The reserve food material in the animal body is the glycogen. Glycogen aids in providing energy to…
Q: 4. (a) duced in large part by cells in the liver via a specialized metabolic program called…
A: Introduction: Glycolysis is the process in which glucose is oxidized to two molecules of pyruvate in…
Q: 2. Why are the essential fatty acid associated with low incidence of heart disease? Cite some…
A: Fatty acids are the water insoluble, long chain hydrocarbon with one carboxyl group. Essential fatty…
Q: Describe five possible fates for glucose 6-phosphate in the liver.
A: The liver is a major metabolic site. The metabolism of drugs, detoxification, amino acid metabolism…
Q: 8. A steroid hormone was found to be abnormally high in a person who perennially suffers from…
A: Steroid hormones are mainly released by the adrenal glands present ,above the kidneys. Adrenal…
Q: During periods of stress or fasting, blood glucose levels fall.In response, fatty acids are released…
A: A major source of energy in the body is glucose. The breakdown of glucose leads to the production of…
Q: Describe 3 functions of glucocorticoids.
A:
Q: 9. Which of the following enzymes CANNOT be found in the skeletal muscle? A. Glucose-6-phosphatase…
A: Since you have posted multiple questions, we will solve the first question for you. If you want any…
Q: 5. A high school girl who is self-conscious about her appearance has been fasting for several days…
A: Gluconeogenesis is the mechanism of a metabolic pathway which is especially important when…
Q: 5. A young woman decided to lose wcight and abstained from fat-containing food for several months.…
A: Note : Hi ! Thank you for the question. We are authorized to answer three subparts at a time. Since…
Q: With only one functioning copy of GK, how will ATP yields be affected? a. 30-32 moles of ATP will be…
A: Every eukaryotic cell produces ATP to utilize as the energy currency for the metabolic process. The…
Q: 5. A young woman decided to lose weight and abstained from fat-containing food for several months.…
A: The energy demands of the cells are primarily met by the metabolism of glucose molecules. But, the…
Q: 1.a. Given what you know about glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, does it make sense that insulin…
A: Hi! Thanks for your question. As you have posted multiple questions and have not mentioned which one…
Q: 3. Calculate the ATP that is produced when linoleic acid (9,12-octadecadienoic acid; 18:2) is (a)…
A: Calculation of ATP production :-
Q: Discuss the glycogen synthesis. Give the three enzymes required for this process and their…
A: “Since you have asked multiple questions, we will solve the first question for you. If you want any…
Q: Back in the 1930s, a chemical called DNP (2,4-Dinitrophenol) was prescribed as a weight loss pill.…
A: Metabolism refers to all of an organism's life-sustaining chemical processes that take place in its…
Q: 21. Explain how the activation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase is the appropriate response to insulin…
A: Since you have asked multiple questions, we will solve the first question for you. If you want any…
Q: True about glucokinase is - a) It is present in all cells b) It is a constitutive enzyme c) It has a…
A: Glucokinase is a glucose phosphorylating enzyme present in a brain cell, small intestine, pancreas,…
Q: Glucagon increases blood glucose very quickly by activating phosphorylase. This is very efficient…
A: Glucagon: It is a hormone secreted by alpha cells of the islet of Langerhans when the level of…
Q: Glucocorticoids (GC) are stress hormones that modulate glucose homeostasis. One effect is to reduce…
A: Glucocorticoids are produced by the middle cortex and affect almost every cell in the body…
Q: 4. How will glycogen levels most likely be affected in patients with a GK mutation? a. Elevated in…
A: Glucokinase It is a enzyme that that help in the conversion of glucose into glycogen. It is present…
Q: 7. Which of the following statements about gluconeogenesis is CORRECT?
A: Gluconeogenesis is a process of formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate source (lactate, amino…
Q: which of the following are possible sources of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate a. more than 1 correct…
A: Glycolysis is defined as a series of enzymatic reactions that convert one molecule of glucose, a…
Q: 1. Why is it that Individuals with thiamin deficiency have high levels of pyruvate in their blood?
A: Vitamin B1(thiamine) is a co-factor for the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase which is an essential…
Q: inhibition of gluconeogenesis occurs when a. when the insulin level is low b. when the insulin level…
A: Inhibition of gluconeogenesis occurs when b)the insulin level is high. Because insulin inhibits the…
Q: 14. Oxidation of cholesterol in the liver produces
A: Cholesterol is a sterol lipid that is synthesized in liver and transported in the bloodstream. One…
Q: Match the blood glucose source with its fate/outcome. v Non-carbohydrate A. Carbon dioxide, water…
A: Answer :- * Non-carbohydrate - Non-carbohydrate. * Other saccharides - Other saccharides.
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- 1.a. Given what you know about glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, does it make sense that insulin activates PDH phosphatase? Why? b.How do vitamins increase to the breadth of chemical reactions available within a biological system?[SELECT ALL THAT APPLY] Which of the following is TRUE regarding glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase? O Glucose ó-phosphate dehydrogenase oxidizes one molecule of glucose 6-phosphate and generates two molecules of NADPH. O Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase is located in the cytosol. O Glucose ó-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency blocks the synthesis of ribose 5-phosphate. O Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase is inhibited by high concentration of NADPH.What type of regulation would be expected when anaerobic metabolism is occurring in the muscle? Select all that apply. O Activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase O Increased levels of calcium to activate pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase O Phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase O Inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex O Increased levels of NADH to activate citrate synthase O Increased levels of NADH to inhibit alpha-ketogluterate dehydrogenase complex O Increased levels of acetyl CoA to activate pyruvate carboxylase for gluconeogenesis
- Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) plays an essential role in an exercising muscle, especially when the level of excursion surpasses the ability of circulatory systems ability to supply adequate oxygen. What is the main reason LDH is so important to the muscle under these conditions? It produces one mole of ATP via substrate level phosphorylation. It resupplies NAD+ to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. It decreases pH thus decreasing the dissociation rate of oxygen from hemoglobin It produces NADH for energy while converting pyruvate into lactate. It removes excess lactic acid from the muscle to create pyruvate. NextThe glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyses the following reaction: *H3N- C H - CH₂ - CH₂ COO™ acide glutamique -COO + NAD+ + H₂O Time (min) A340 GDH COO™ с 5 1 2 3 4 1.760 1.718 1.675 1.635 1.595 CH₂ The answer: -1 - Vo 1.1.107 M.s-¹ - EA in 0.1 mL of GDH = 0.33 nkat CH₂ The activity of GDH is monitored in the sense of the formation of glutamate using the following conditions: 0.2 mL of 5 M ammonium sulphate 2.4 mL of buffer at pH 8 0.1 mL of NADH at 6.15 mg.mL-¹ (M = 709 g.mol-¹) 0.2 mL of 1 M a-ketoglutarate solution Warm mixture at 25 °C for 5 min Add 0.1 mL of GDH solution containing 1.6 mg.mL protein to start the reaction. COO CO acide a-cétoglutarique The change in absorbance at 340 nm is monitored, in a 1-cm cuvette, every minute for 10 min. Results are given in the table below: Data ENADH at 340 nm = 6220 M¹.cm¹ -1 + NH4+ NADH + H+ 6 1.550 7 8 10 9 1.510 1.489 1.476 1.451 Calculate the initial rate Vo of the reaction in M.s¹. - Calculate the enzyme activity of the volume of…Digoxin, a toxin derived from the foxglove (shown), can be used to treat heart disorders such as atrial fibrillation. Digoxin's mechanism of action is to Inhibit the Na+/K+ ATPase. Which of the following is the most likely side effect of Digoxin treatment? Failure to transport glucose into cells during an extended fast O Failure to transport glucose into cells after after eating a large meal O Enhanced response of muscle cells to Acetylcholine O Failure to transport Cl" out of the cell using direct active transport
- Why would LDH be up- or down-regulated depending on location of cancer cells? Anaerobic cancer cells enhance rates of ATP production and rely on pyruvate to lactate conversion. LDH5 expressed can vary in favoring pyruvate for conversion to lactate (anaerobic metabolism). Aerobic compartments in newly formed fibrobasts and vessels use lactate to convert to pyruvate for oxidative phosphorylation and favor lactate conversion to pyruvate by LDH1 (aerobic metabolism). Lactate dehydrogenase is upregulated in both cancer cells and supporting stroma and vessels, thus only LDH5 is upregulated showing enhanced expression levels and thus presence at the plasma membrane to increase levels of lactate for export, LDH1 levels are always consistent. LDH1 is upregulated in response to the export of lactate by MCT1, while LDH5 is down-regulated Neither LDH1 or LDH5 are both consistently expressed, regardless of oxygen levels2. During glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. Pyruvate then is converted to Acetyl coA and enters the citric acid cycle. Per one (1) glucose molecule that undergoes glycolysis and TCA cycle, complete the table below Equivalence in ATP Products from glycolysis 1. ATP 2. _NADH Pyruvate ATP: produced ATP АТР ATPS 3. ATPS produced АТР АТР Products from TCA Equivalence in ATP NADH 5. _FADH2 6. GTP 4. ATPS ATPS ATPS АТР TOTAL ATP Produced 7. ATPWhat would you expect if a patient carries a mutation in Hexokinase IV (HKIV) that lowers the Km from 10mM to 4mM? O HKIV is still regulated by its product G6P so nothing will change This change is irrelevant since HKIV is only expressed in muscle cells mutant HKIV will have a greater change in reaction velocity in response to change in Glucose levels O mutant HKIV will have a reduced change in reaction velocity in response to change in Glucose levels O Mutant HKIV will always be less saturated by glucose compared to WT HKIV
- The control of which enzyme exerts the most control on glycolysis? hexokinase phosphofructokinase glucose-6-phosphatase aldolaseStudy Figure 19.18 and decide which of the following statements is false. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited by· NIADH. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited by AΤΡ. Citrate synthase is inhibited by NADH. Succinyl-CoA activates citrate synthase. Acetyl-CoA activates pyruvate carboxylase.Which of the following is higher during high levels of glutathione reductase and NADP? SH A но (GSH) OH NH2 NH2 HO OH ;-CH-CH2-CH2-C-NH-CH–ċ–NH–CH2- CH2 В (GSSG) CH2 -CH-CH;-CH2=C-NH–C NH-CH–Ç-NH-CH2-C HO OH NH2
