1. For the complete metabolism of 2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate molecules through glycolysis, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and citric acid cycle, please fill in the responses below. (a) How many total electrons are harvested? (b) How many total NADH molecules are produced? (c) How many total FADH2 molecules are produced? (d) How many NET ATPs are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation? droe bng board lliw expwerin pri (e) How many carbons are lost as CO₂?
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- What yield of ATP can be expected from complete oxidation of each of the following substrates by the reactionsof glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation?(a) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate(b) Glucose(c) Phosphoenolpyruvate(d) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate(e) NADH(f) PyruvateIf α-ketoglutarate is removed from TCA cycle and used to make glutamate, how many of each of the cofactors (not intermediates) and high energy molecules in the TCA cycle are lost? How much ATP does this equate to (NADH = 2.5 ATP, FADH2 = 1.5 ATP)?Arsenate (HAsO42-) can replace inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, causing Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to be directly converted to 3-phosphoglycerate (NADH is still formed). If a cell is expose to Arsenate, which of the following metabolites of glycolysis will not be detectable in the cell? 2-phosphoglycerate 3-phosphoglycerate Fructose 6-phosphate Glucose 6-phosphate 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
- Arsenate (HASO42-) can replace inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, causing Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to be directly converted to 3-phosphoglycerate (NADH is still formed). If a cell is expose to Arsenate, which of the following metabolites of glycolysis will not be detectable in the cell? 2-phosphoglycerate B 3-phosphoglycerate Fructose 6-phosphate Glucose 6-phosphate E 1,3-bisphosphoglycerateConsider a 24:1 △cis-9 fatty acid in the mitochondrion. For each fatty acid given, determine the following. 1. Gross ATP from b-oxidation cycles 2. Gross ATP from acetyl CoA produced 3. Gross ATP from conversion of propionyl CoA (if applicable) 4. Total number of ATP deducted 5. Total net ATPUse your knowledge of fat metabolism, glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation to determine how many molecules of ATP equivalents are produced when glycerol undergoes biochemical combustion. Assume that each molecule of NADH produces 2.5 ATP and that each molecule of FADH2 produces 1.5 molecules of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation. Note that GTP is an ATP "equivalent." A. 14.5 B. 17 C. 19.5 O D.20.5
- Although both hexokinase and phosphofructokinase catalyze irreversible steps in glycolysis and the hexokinase-catalyzed step is first, phosphofructokinase is nonetheless the pacemaker of glycolysis. What does this information tell you about the fate of the glucose 6- phosphate formed by hexokinase?Why does it make sense that under conditions of low ATP levels in the cell the pyruvate carboxylase reaction is activated by acetyl-Coenzyme A, whereas the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction is activated by Coenzyme A under these same conditions? When acetyl-Coenzyme A levels build-up, then pyruvate carboxylase generates oxaloacetate for the citrate synthase reaction, whereas when Coenzyme A builds up, then acetyl-Coenzyme A needs to be generated by pyruvate dehydrogenase to maintain flux through the citrate cycle. When Coenzyme A levels build-up, then pyruvate dehydrogenase generates oxaloacetate for the citrate synthase reaction, whereas when acetyl-Coenzyme A builds up, then Coenzyme A needs to be generated by pyruvate carboxylase to maintain flux through the citrate cycle. Oxaloacetate is needed for the citrate synthase reaction, but acetyl-Coenzyme A is needed for the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction, so it is actually under conditions of low ATP levels that these enzymes are…1. Identify the oxidized coenzyme (letter abbreviation only) that participates in this reaction of the Kreb’s cycle. Succinate --> Fumarate 2. How many mol of NADH can be obtained upon the beta oxidation of stearic acid? 3. How many mol of ATP can be obtained upon the complete oxidation of 1 mol stearic acid? 4. How many steps in glycolysis in which ATO is converted to ADP?
- Patients with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency show high levels of lactic acid in the blood. However, in some cases, treatment with dichloroacetate (DCA) lowers lactic acid levels. (a) How does DCA act to stimulate pyruvate dehydrogenase activity? (b) What does this suggest about pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in patients who respond to DCA?Taking into consideration glycolysis, the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the citric acid cycle, how many substrate level phosphorylation events occur from a single molecule of glucose? 6 substrate level phosphorylation events 4 substrate level phosphorylation events 3 substrate level phosphorylation events 2 substrate level phosphorylation events None of the above answers are correctThe degradation of pyruvate differs, depending on the ‘situation’.(a). What are these ‘situations’ with respect to pyruvate metabolism.(b). Give the equations of the ‘fermentative pathway’ of pyruvate in:* Mammals* Yeast and some bacteria(c). Explain briefly the making of bread.Note: For no (c). please give the equations from pyruvate, NOT from glucose.