Evaluative conditioning is a form of conditioning whereby a neutral stimulus is paired with a positive stimulus and then the response to the positive stimulus is measured. (Brace, 2014) This type of conditioning can be applied in the real world. One use for evaluative conditioning is in advertising, whereby a product (the neutral stimulus) can be paired with positive imagery (the positive stimulus) in order to elicit a positive response from a viewer of consumer 2. One study that has measured the benefits of evaluative conditioning is a study conducted by Chen et al (2012, cited in Brace, 2014 p.160) Part of this study aimed to gauge whether or not images of sporting events were viewed more favourably when paired with images of celebrities …show more content…
The number of participants in this study in each condition was 20. This is a quarter of the number of participants in the Chen et al study, which had 80 participants in each condition. Byford (2014) states that it is difficult to take the results of a small sample size and apply the results to the general population, and therefore one must be prudent when applying these results to a project or advertisement. Social desirability bias relates to the idea that someone participating in a study may answer a question based on their idea of what someone conducing the study may want to hear, as opposed to their genuine response to the questions asked. A limitation of this study is due to the nature of the yes/no questionnaire, with regards to the experimenter being in the room with the participant. As with studies of this nature, social desirability bias is a factor to be aware of when interpreting these results. (Harrison, 2014) One strength of the DE100 study lies in the consistency of visual stimuli. As the images the participants viewed were on a pre-made slide show, the images shown and the length of time they were shown for was identical for all taking part in the study in each given control …show more content…
Larger sample sizes are needed in order to gain more convincing generalisability. Another area for development could potentially be the study of the long-term effects of evaluative conditioning. Studies such as the DE100 study, and the other studies mentioned, simply show that this type of conditioning has a short term effect. This could be explored further by potentially arranging a follow-up with participants in the study to ascertain whether they still feel more positively about the given stimuli, or whether there opinions have changed over time. Furthermore, removing the human experimenter and having all information provided by a computer may remove elements of the social desirability bias, as a participant may feel as though an interviewer would prefer them to respond in a certain way. Exploration is needed in the ways in which this bias may be alleviated. Another area of further research could potentially be the length of time visual stimuli is shown. In the DE100 study, each image was shown for a total of 3 seconds. This is divergent from the study conducted by Chen et al, who showed each image for 5 seconds, and Holland et al, who showed images for one second. Further study could aim to establish whether the length of time an image is shown has an effect of the subsequent responses given by
In experiment 1, participants were instructed to press a key to determine if the stimulus was red, blue, yellow, or green. On the second half of the experiment, the stimulus appeared in grey with only one colored letter which was positioned randomly. Error rates for the experiment were below 2.5% for each condition, which is quite low. Experiment 2 was the same as experiment 1 except that there were 114 data collections instead of 288 and there were 36 practice trials instead of 72. According to experiment 1 and 2 it is suggested that the effect of
If I was doing this study, my hypothesis would be that “people, who receive an aversive stimulus every time they give an incorrect answer, will try harder to get the correct answer than those who do not receive anything”. My independent variables, which are the variables that researcher manipulates, would be the electric shocks and the emotional motivation; and my dependent variable, which is the variable that is tested and measured, would be the members’ results.
We can find examples of operant conditioning at work all around us. Consider the case of children completing homework to earn a reward from a parent or teacher, or employees finishing projects to receive praise or promotions.
& Breuer, F. [2003]) , since there is none further explanation on the relationship of the participants and the researcher, which means some of the participants may be direct friends of the research which may cause some bias based on the experience they had. For example, if one pair of the participants are an old friend of the researcher, this pair may not willing to open their private issue to this old friend, still, they would like to help for the research, or on the other hand, the researcher may have a subjective opinion based on his perception to this pair old friends, as a result, the result may have false based on 2 way. 1. Hidden information from interviewee to interviewer or 2. Misinterpret the conversation on the interview by the researcher. The research has not enough consideration and explanation.
Operate Conditioning-: People learn and are influenced by the results of what they do. It’s also when people’s behaviour is affected by consequences, reinforcements and learning based on exploration of the environment. Skinner divided the consequences of actions into these three groups...
Moreover, although these findings were not consistent with earlier work into the theory of evaluative conditioning such as that shown by Chen et al. (2012) cited in Brace (2014, p.160) and Hollands et al. (2011) cited in The Open University (2014), many factors might be present into why this study did not
Compare and contrast classical and operant conditioning, their theories, terminology, famous psychologists and applications of the theory for teaching.
Evaluate conditioning is where a person is likely to ‘like or dislike something because it has been associated with something positive or negative’ (Brace N, 2014, P 159). We can be unaware of evaluate conditioning and exactly
“Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus”.
Operant conditioning is a theory that was pioneered by Skinner, and it is a theory that is based on the type of consequence that is given following a particular behaviour. Skinner divided the consequences of actions into three groups, positive rein forcers, negative reinforcers and punishers. Skinner looked at what would happen to behaviour if giving positive reinforcers at different intervals. Most professionals and practitioners will use this theory in one way or another such as giving rewards for good behaviour or sanctions for bad behaviour so the theory is well used in today’s frameworks and practices.
When I was in my psychology class in high school, we spent a month talking about classical conditioning and we did many interesting experiments involving it. We also touched on operant conditioning and social learning, so I have some background knowledge in this subject. Classical and operant conditioning, along with social learning, are all ways to teach animals or humans how to behave. These theories developed because psychologists wanted to understand why people behave the way they do and many famous experiments have been conducted to answer this question. It was very interesting to learn more about these theories and how they work, and relating them to my own personal experiences.
Although classical conditioning is something that most people experience in a daily basis, it may also be the first thing someone remembers in a day. According to Olson and Hergenhahn (2009) classical conditioning is defined as a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response. In this paper the subject is to describe the theory of classical conditioning as well as describing a scenario in which one could apply classical conditioning theory to, and bring forth the scenario by showing illustrations of how this could be used
In the experiment each candidate contributes positive, negative and ambiguous information. The information about each candidate is the same but the way that it is interpreted can differ greatly from person to person. One’s existing beliefs play a role in how this information is interpreted. For example if one of the ambiguous qualities is that the candidate has children. One could interpret this in a positive way by interpreting it as the candidate having family values and cares for their family. A negative way that this could be interpreted is that the candidate would not be focused on political issues that people care about, but rather they would be focused on being a good parent. Assuming there is gender bias, than more ambiguous qualities
Classical conditioning involves deciding whether positive or negative regard is felt towards an attitude object that has previously been associated with either a pleasurable or un-pleasurable event (Lord 1997).
Operant conditioning is a type of learning which occurs through either receiving reinforcement or punishment for a behavior. This type of learning creates an association between a behavior and consequence for that behavior. The four types of operant conditioning are positive reinforcement, positive punishment, negative reinforcement, and negative punishment. If operant conditioning was used properly it could be used to solve a variety of social and resource dilemmas; especially in the case of the cattle ranchers and overgrazing.