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QOTW How is social control a matter of race in Canada? Social control typically “refers to the methods used by members of a society to maintain order and promote predictability of behaviour” (Vagoet.al. 2017, p. 139). With that in mind when stereotypes come into play it causes a divide of people into different racial groups along a hierarchy. This leads to racial categorizations and controlling images because of these factors people are quick to judge based on appearance leading to discrimination. Sadly, these issues exist all over the world, not just in Canada and will not end until people stop the stereotyping for good. Discussion Questions: What struck you most about this documentary? The entire documentary was very interesting to me, I learned a lot to say the least. However, the thing that struck me most was the statistic near the beginning of the film that said, “One out of four African American males will serve prison time at one point or another in their lives.” How does 13th reflect the culture of control? Every interviewee is filmed in an environment that suggests an industrial setting, visually reinforcing the idea that prisons operate like factories producing free labour, which the 13th Amendment was meant to eliminate. What role do race, and racism play here? Race and racism are a huge part of this film, the discriminations faced in their daily lives simply for being African American saddens me. During the film "13th," there are many shock cuts to the word “Criminal”, which stands alone against a black background. It serves as a reminder that, regardless of who they are, individuals of colour are far too frequently perceived as just that, I believe this is important and needs to be emphasised. Another part of the film "13th” that racism and race can be seen is where a display that is clearly visible counts the number of inmates in the system over time. The curve of the prisoner count graph starts to rise gradually but sharply in the 1940s. The rate at which families of colour are being decimated is rising along with this percentage. What other factors are at play in legitimizing the turn to punitiveness? The term "punitive turn" refers to the reliance on punishment and disciplinary measures that the US has used since the late 1970s to control problem populations. The factors at play during the film according to Marx’s perspective argues that because of the unavoidable battle for limited resources, conflict is both inevitable and pervasive in communities.

Discussion – Maynard (2017) and Wortley & Owusu-Bempah (2011) How do Maynard and Wortley & Owusu-Bempah explain the relationship among race and racism, law, and social control in the Canadian context? Maynard believes violence that is authorized by the state or that is supported by it because the state has unmatched power and control over the lives of its citizens. State authorities have the authority to arbitrarily favour, penalize, imprison, or remove anyone. According to Maynard, the state has contributed to the dehumanization, demonization, and subjugation of Black people in a variety of institutions. Wortley & Owusu-Bempah believes that “the overrepresentation of Black individuals in the criminal justice system in Canada is partly due to racial disparities in police stop and search procedures. Experiences with police stop and search can also damage the criminal justice system's credibility”. Additionally, they think that “democratic racism is at work in Canada's unofficial ban on the gathering and sharing of race-based criminal justice data, which gives the criminal justice system cover from accusations of racial bias and keeps it from addressing potential racial disparities.” Why is it important for them to recognize the anti-Black racist practices of state institutions? It is crucial to recognize the anti-black racist practices because it is widely ignored by most Canadians. These practices are put in place to ensure a more inclusive society and they deserve recognition. Anti-Blackness has evolved and the practices that brought us to where we are today deserve acknowledgments. Had you considered “state violence” relevant for understanding the forms of social control to which Black peoples in Canada have been subjected? Yes, I had considered “state violence” relevant for understanding forms of social control black peoples have been subjected too. One of the main reasons being, black people make up around one-third of those murdered by police in various sections of the country, although making up just 3% of the total population. Although this is just one example, sadly there are a lot more violent cases that are caused by racism. Reflection: During the week five lecture I learned about law and social control, race and racism, and Law & social control through a critical race perspective. We also discussed the 13 th documentary which I found extremely interesting; it opened my eyes to many new things I never knew. The topic of Law and social control talked about methods used by members of society to maintain order and promote predictability of behavior. Race and Racism discussed the idea of "race" and how it involves the socially constructed belief that humanity can be divided into biologically distinct and exclusive groups based on physical and cultural characteristics. Law & social control through a critical race perspective explored Maynard and Wortley & Owusu-Bempah arguments on the topics of race and social control. One of the things that stood out to me the most during week 5 is the fact that additionally, compared to respondents from other racial backgrounds, black respondents are six times more

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