Sensory Attention week3

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1 The Role of Attention and Working memory in Instruction and Learning Jared Briggs University of Phoenix Psych/644: Psychology of Learning and Cognition Evan Dubois 04/22/2024

2 The Role of Attention and Working Memory in Instruction and Learning Attention and working memory are at the core of learning. These are parts of our brains that we use everyday when learning anything new. Sometimes we do not even have to be learning to use them, at least not actively learning. Anytime we remember something from the past we are using working memory. There are many different parts that go into the puzzle that is attention and working memory. Our sensory systems play a key role in our working memory and our ability to learn. Auditory and visual attention is what we use to grip onto what we are learning. How are our sensory systems, auditory and visual attention systems, and other cognitive functions all related to each other in working memory and learning? The Role of Auditory and Visual Attention in Learning How does auditory and visual attention actually work? First, we need to define attention. According to Merriam-Webster attention is defined as “the act or state of applying the mind to something”. Applying the mind to something is as simple as we can get it. These two versions of attention are separate, but both are necessary for learning. Sometimes they do not work together. For example, when someone is driving a car visual attention is an absolute necessity to drive the car safely. If that person is talking on the phone while they are driving, well now their attention is split between two different objects. The road and their phone. Audio and visual. When we try to pay more attention when we have both audio and visual stimuli coming at us, we end up losing out on one or the other (Ersin, et al, 2021). When this comes to concepts like learning a new job it is important to remember that we cannot do everything and that we should be willing to split our attention between more than one stimulus unless we must. At the same time multitasking is an integral part of human nature and learning. We need to be able to mix the two stimuli.

3 The Role of Sensory Systems in Learning and Retention of Information When we think about how the sensory systems affect learning and cognition, we must understand it is not just visual and auditory. All the senses play a role in learning. Each sense affects and adds to memory in a different way. Not only does each sense add to memory in a different way, those memories last a different amount of time. If those memories are tied into an emotional bond the memories last longer. We as humans have five senses. Those senses are touch, taste, hearing, smelling, and sight. Attention is tied to memory. Memory is tied to learning. Learning is tied to our senses. Attention is that first step that must be taken when we remember something. If a person’s attention is focused on one of the senses, when something learned and a memory is formed, then that memory is transferred to short term memory (Goldstein, 2019). When we look at each individual sense it is important to understand and place value on how each individual sense is tied to our memory, and thus our learning. Iconic memory is visual sensory memory. This sense registers and stores visual images after the stimulus has ceased (Perera, 2023). Iconic memory does have a very large store for images, unfortunately those memories do not last very long, usually around a half a second. (Perera, 2023). This is why learning through just memory is not as effective as mixing other senses into it. Imagine reading an article while a professor gives a lecture on said article. Echoic memory is tied to sounds. The information received by the temporal lobe through the ears lasts a few seconds. This sense allows us to understand sounds and, more importantly, spoken languages. Spoken language learning and comprehending have become increasingly crucial functions of echoic memory. This is not just hearing the words people are speaking, it is about understanding these words. This is considerably longer than iconic (sight) memory (Perera,

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