Chapter 2

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Chapter 2 1. In order to address whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support the issue. What is one flaw of this design? a. Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age. 2. This organization, one of the largest professional groups of psychologists in the world, was founded in 1892. a. The American Psychological Association 3. A(n) ______________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena. a. Theory 4. Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions? a. Experimental 5. Dr. Guttierez is examining a research question and has posted a hypothesis, but his student points out, “Dr. G., the assumption that you have made cannot be disproven no matter what data we gather!” This research study suffers from an absence of ______. a. Falsifiability 6. An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve ________ in the study. a. Debrief participants; deception 7. ________ are the most commonly used species for animal research. a. Rodents 8. A(n) _________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest. a. Operational definition 9. _________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time. a. Attrition 10. In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct _______ and ________. a. Random sampling; random group assignment 11. The first woman to earn the PhD in psychology was ___________. a. Margaret Floy Washburn 12. ___________ is an anthropologist who contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation. a. Jane Goodall 13. Studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants __________. a. Can sometimes be tested with animal studies

14. Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) _________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head. a. Case study 15. The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning. a. Circular 16. Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that _________. a. There is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer 17. Psychological knowledge is advanced through a process known as _______, which involves a prescribed series of steps designed to achieve the desired knowledge. a. The scientific method 18. The ability of a research study of psychological instrument to consistently produce a given result is called ____________. a. Reliability 19. The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) _________. a. Illusory correlation 20. Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children’s development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that he majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of _________. a. Confirmation bias 21. A group of researchers investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention 2 weeks later in this example. Learning strategy is the _______ Variable and word retention is the _________ Variables. a. Independent, dependent. 22. An _________ variable is a factor that affect both variables of interest in research and may falsely give an impression of A cause and effect relationship. a. Confounding. 23. _________ assesses the consistency of observation by different observers. a. Inter-rater-reliability 24. Dr. Guttierez is examining a research question and has posted a hypothesis, but his student points out, "Dr. G., the assumption that you have made cannot be disproven no matter what data we gather!" This research study suffers from an absence of a. Falsifiability 25. ________ (IRB) reviews research that is involves the use of human participants. a. institutional review board 26. Simplicity of conducting the study is to _______ as ability to test large numbers of participants is to ____ a. Archival research; Surveys. 27. which word is most appropriate synonym for the term validity?

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