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Akansha Magal 005697881 Dis 1B Stats 13 Homework 6 Question 1 4.1.1 a. B b. A c. B d. Categorical e. Quantitative Question 2 4.1.2 B. Question 3 4.1.4 John also needs to say that children whose parents smoke are more likely to use candy cigarettes. Question 4 4.1.5 a. The observational units are the participants who took the 2010 survey conducted by the Pew Research Center. b. The explanatory variable is what generation the participant is from. This is a categorical variable. The response variable is the participant’s view on marriage. This is also a categorical variable. c. Based on these results, it appears that a larger proportion of younger generations (millennials and Gen X) believe that marriage is becoming obsolete than the proportion of older generations (boomers and participants aged 65 and above) who believe that marriage is becoming obsolete. The conditional proportions of people who answered Yes in the millennial group and Gen X are similar, with 0.44 of millennial participants and 0.429 of Gen X participants saying Yes. While the conditional proportions of people from older generations who answered Yes is not significantly lower, they are relatively similar to one another, with 0.350 of Boomer participants and 0.322 of participants aged 65 and above saying Yes. Question 5 4.2.1 A. Question 6 4.2.14

B. Listening to music while taking a math test may adversely affect performance. Question 7 4.2.17 a. These studies are observational. b. No, a cause-and-effect conclusion will not be possible. c. The observational units in these studies are the babies born to women regardless of the mother’s smoking status during pregnancy. Question 8 4.2.22 a. This was an experiment because student researchers at Hope College actively created two groups and assigned the conditions to be compared. In this case, the condition was the sex of a person making a friend request. The researchers also controlled for confounding variables using random assignment. b. The observational units are the 219 students at Hope College who are randomly assigned to receive the friend request from either the female student or the male student. c. The variables recorded are the sex of person making friend request to each student and whether or not the student accepted the person’s request. The sex of the person making the friend request is a categorical, explanatory variable. Whether or not the student accepted the friend request is a categorical, response variable. d. No, the study did not involve random sampling. The disadvantage of nonrandom sampling is that we cannot make inferences from the sample of 238 college students to the population from which the sample was drawn, all students at Hope College. e. Yes, the study did involve random assignment to get the friend request from either the female or the male. The advantage of random assignment is that it tends to balance out all other variables between the groups and equalize variables that could have an effect on the response between the two groups. f. Yes, it is appropriate to conclude that the sex of the requestor is affecting the acceptance rates. Cause and effect conclusions are possible in experiments through random assignment because researchers can control for confounding variables by making the treatment groups very similar except for what the experimenter manipulates.

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