MB3_HW_STUDENT_Spring2024

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May 8, 2024

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1 Name _________________ Homework Questions for Mind and Brain Week 3 Due the week of February 5 SHOW ALL WORK 1. Habitual & Deliberative Decisions In this week’s lecture, Prof. Shohamy discusses brain processes that underlie decision-making, from mundane decisions involved in habitual behavior to more consequential ones that require us to weigh different factors. 1A. (i) Name two brain regions that Prof. Shohamy discussed in this week’s lecture and identify the type of decision-making (habitual or deliberative) that each region is involved in. 1A. (ii) Suppose you come home from the pet store and surprise your dog with her favorite treats. Based on what you learned about reward prediction error and habitual decisions, what would you expect your dog to experience after you surprise her with treats? a. No change in dopamine released b. An increase in dopamine released c. A decrease in dopamine released d. No dopamine released 1A. (iii) Suppose your dog hears the usual sound of you opening her food container before mealtime and then you give her the meal. Based on what you learned about reward prediction error and habitual decisions, what would you expect your dog to experience after you gave her the meal? a. No change in dopamine released b. An increase in dopamine released c. A decrease in dopamine released d. No dopamine released

2 1A. (iv) Suppose your dog hears the usual sound of you opening her food container before mealtime, but you get distracted and forget to give her the meal. Based on what you learned about reward prediction error and habitual decisions, what would you expect your dog to experience after you forgot to give her the meal? a. No change in dopamine released b. An increase in dopamine released c. A decrease in dopamine released d. No dopamine released 2. Acute Stress & Decision-Making How does stress affect decision-making? Understanding the effects of stress on decision- making has important implications for society. In a recent study, Shields et al. examined whether acute stress influences the ability to make real-world decisions. The researchers utilized a decision-making competence index and participants in the study were randomly assigned to either a stress induction condition or a control condition. In the stress induction condition, participants were recorded while they talked about their qualifications for a job they would like to have in front of a live panel of stern evaluators. Next, they were evaluated as they completed a difficult math task and listened to various threatening statements. In contrast, participants in the control condition quietly read aloud a scientific article and subsequently completed a math task without any social evaluation. Finally, all participants made a series of decisions related to real-world situations (e.g., recognizing social norms, applying decision rules), which were translated into overall score of decision-making competence. 2A. (i) Given the study description above, what is a reasonable hypothesis for this study? 2A. (ii) Given the study description above, what is the null hypothesis for this study?

3 2A. (iii) What outcomes of the experiment will lead you to reject the null hypothesis? 2A. (iv) Is this an example of an experimental study or correlational study? Why might have the researchers chosen this study design? Explain your reasoning in 2-3 sentences. 2A. (v) State one hypothesis you would like to test as part of a follow up study.

4 To ascertain whether or not the stress induction condition worked as intended, the researchers measured self-reported stress levels in both groups of participants (stress induction group and control group). 2B. (i) Add the needed statistical parameters to Table 1 below. Table 1. Self- reported stress by participants in the control group (N = 59) and stress induction group (N = 62). Scale used was from 1 (not at all stressed) to 7 (very much stressed). Mean SD Stress Induction Group 6.1 1.4 Control Group 4.2 2.7

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