Philosophy 100 - Final Review-2

PHIL 100 - Final Review Part A (14 easy points) Fill in the blank: 1. According to Lucian of Samosata, believing in ____________________ erases moral responsibility. 2. When we do philosophy dialectically, by means of questions-and-answers, we are practicing REASON . 3. In Plato’s Republic , who believes justice is about helping friends and harming enemies? POLEMARCHUS . 4. According to Plato, which class of citizens should possess the virtue of courage? AUXILIARIES . 5. Aristotle’s ethical theory is based on the idea that human beings have a function , which is REASON . 6. Which philosopher or group of philosophers say, “the intensity of the pain depends on the state of mind of the sufferer, not on its own intrinsic nature.” Stoics . 8. The Epicureans traced most human unhappiness to our fear of vain desires and worldly dangers . 9. Thomas Aquinas argues that we are not required to follow an unjust law because it degrades humans, . 10.To illustrate his concept of the good will, Kant uses the metaphor of ____________________. 11. Early critics of utilitarianism contended that it was a doctrine worthy of ____________________. 12. According to Marx and Engels, the culmination of the struggle between the bourgeoisie and proletariat classes will be reached with the abolition of ____________________. 13.De Beauvoir’s ethics of ambiguity turns on the crucial distinction between ambiguity and ____________________. 14.What does Rawls call the result of the reasoning process where we go back and forth between principles and basic convictions, adjusting both where needed? ____________________. Part B (2 x 3 points) Briefly answer both of the following questions (3 points each): 1. What does freedom mean for Simone de Beauvoir?